    // Copyright (C) 2010  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #undef DLIB_OPTIMIZATION_SOLVE_QP_UsING_SMO_ABSTRACT_Hh_
    #ifdef DLIB_OPTIMIZATION_SOLVE_QP_UsING_SMO_ABSTRACT_Hh_

    #include "../matrix.h"
    #include <map>
    #include "../unordered_pair.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename EXP1,
            typename EXP2,
            typename T, long NR, long NC, typename MM, typename L
            >
        unsigned long solve_qp_using_smo (
            const matrix_exp<EXP1>& Q,
            const matrix_exp<EXP2>& b,
            matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>& alpha,
            T eps,
            unsigned long max_iter
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - Q.nr() == Q.nc()
                - is_col_vector(b) == true
                - is_col_vector(alpha) == true
                - b.size() == alpha.size() == Q.nr()
                - alpha.size() > 0
                - min(alpha) >= 0
                - eps > 0
                - max_iter > 0
            ensures
                - Let C == sum(alpha) (i.e. C is the sum of the alpha values you
                  supply to this function)
                - This function solves the following quadratic program:
                    Minimize: f(alpha) == 0.5*trans(alpha)*Q*alpha - trans(alpha)*b
                    subject to the following constraints:
                        - sum(alpha) == C (i.e. the sum of alpha values doesn't change)
                        - min(alpha) >= 0 (i.e. all alpha values are nonnegative)
                    Where f is convex.  This means that Q should be positive-semidefinite.
                - The solution to the above QP will be stored in #alpha.
                - This function uses a simple implementation of the sequential minimal
                  optimization algorithm.  It starts the algorithm with the given alpha
                  and it works on the problem until the duality gap (i.e. how far away
                  we are from the optimum solution) is less than eps.  So eps controls
                  how accurate the solution is and smaller values result in better solutions.
                - At most max_iter iterations of optimization will be performed.
                - returns the number of iterations performed.  If this method fails to
                  converge to eps accuracy then the number returned will be max_iter+1.
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename EXP1,
            typename EXP2,
            typename EXP3,
            typename T, long NR, long NC, typename MM, typename L,
            long NR2, long NC2
            >
        unsigned long solve_qp4_using_smo (
            const matrix_exp<EXP1>& A,
            const matrix_exp<EXP2>& Q,
            const matrix_exp<EXP3>& b,
            const matrix_exp<EXP4>& d,
            matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>& alpha,
            matrix<T,NR2,NC2,MM,L>& lambda,
            T eps,
            unsigned long max_iter,
            T max_lambda = std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity()
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - A.nc() == alpha.size()
                - Q.nr() == Q.nc()
                - is_col_vector(b) == true
                - is_col_vector(d) == true
                - is_col_vector(alpha) == true
                - b.size() == alpha.size() == Q.nr()
                - d.size() == A.nr()
                - alpha.size() > 0
                - min(alpha) >= 0
                - eps > 0
                - max_iter > 0
                - max_lambda >= 0
            ensures
                - Let C == sum(alpha) (i.e. C is the sum of the alpha values you
                  supply to this function)
                - This function solves the following quadratic program:
                    Minimize: f(alpha,lambda) == 0.5*trans(alpha)*Q*alpha - trans(alpha)*b +
                                                 0.5*trans(lambda)*lambda - trans(lambda)*A*alpha - trans(lambda)*d
                    subject to the following constraints:
                        - sum(alpha)  == C (i.e. the sum of alpha values doesn't change)
                        - min(alpha)  >= 0 (i.e. all alpha values are nonnegative)
                        - min(lambda) >= 0 (i.e. all lambda values are nonnegative)
                        - max(lambda) <= max_lambda (i.e. all lambda values are less than max_lambda)
                    Where f is convex.  This means that Q should be positive-semidefinite.
                - If you don't want an upper limit on lambda then max_lambda can be set to
                  infinity.
                - The solution to the above QP will be stored in #alpha and #lambda.
                - This function uses a simple implementation of the sequential minimal
                  optimization algorithm.  It starts the algorithm with the given alpha
                  and it works on the problem until the duality gap (i.e. how far away
                  we are from the optimum solution) is less than eps.  So eps controls
                  how accurate the solution is and smaller values result in better solutions.
                  The initial value of lambda is ignored since the optimal lambda can be
                  obtained via a simple closed form expression given alpha.
                - At most max_iter iterations of optimization will be performed.
                - returns the number of iterations performed.  If this method fails to
                  converge to eps accuracy then the number returned will be max_iter+1.
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename EXP1,
            typename EXP2,
            typename T, long NR, long NC, typename MM, typename L
            >
        unsigned long solve_qp_box_constrained (
            const matrix_exp<EXP1>& Q,
            const matrix_exp<EXP2>& b,
            matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>& alpha,
            const matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>& lower,
            const matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>& upper,
            T eps = 1e-10,
            unsigned long max_iter = 30000
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - Q.nr() == Q.nc()
                - alpha.size() == lower.size() == upper.size()
                - is_col_vector(b) == true
                - is_col_vector(alpha) == true
                - is_col_vector(lower) == true
                - is_col_vector(upper) == true
                - b.size() == alpha.size() == Q.nr()
                - alpha.size() > 0
                - 0 <= min(alpha-lower)
                - 0 <= max(upper-alpha)
                - eps > 0
                - max_iter > 0
            ensures
                - This function solves the following quadratic program:
                    Minimize: f(alpha) == 0.5*trans(alpha)*Q*alpha + trans(b)*alpha
                    subject to the following box constraints on alpha:
                        - 0 <= min(alpha-lower)
                        - 0 <= max(upper-alpha)
                    Where f is convex.  This means that Q should be positive-semidefinite.
                - The solution to the above QP will be stored in #alpha.
                - This function uses a combination of a SMO algorithm along with Nesterov's
                  method as the main iteration of the solver.  It starts the algorithm with the
                  given alpha and works on the problem until the magnitude of the changes we
                  are making to alpha are eps times smaller than the typical values in alpha.
                  So eps controls how accurate the solution is and smaller values result in
                  better solutions.
                - At most max_iter iterations of optimization will be performed.
                - returns the number of iterations performed.  If this method fails to
                  converge to eps accuracy then the number returned will be max_iter+1.
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename T, long NR, long NC, typename MM, typename L
            >
        unsigned long solve_qp_box_constrained_blockdiag (
            const std::vector<matrix<T,NR,NR,MM,L>>& Q_blocks,
            const std::vector<matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>>& bs,
            const std::map<unordered_pair<size_t>, matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>>& Q_offdiag,
            std::vector<matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>>& alphas,
            const std::vector<matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>>& lowers,
            const std::vector<matrix<T,NR,NC,MM,L>>& uppers,
            T eps = 1e-10,
            unsigned long max_iter = 30000
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - Q_blocks.size() > 0
                - Q_blocks.size() == bs.size() == alphas.size() == lowers.size() == uppers.size()
                - All the matrices in Q_blocks have the same dimensions.  Moreover, they are
                  non-empty square matrices.
                - All the matrices in bs, Q_offdiag, alphas, lowers, and uppers have the same
                  dimensions.  Moreover, they are all column vectors.
                - Q_blocks[0].nr() == alphas[0].size()
                  (i.e. the dimensionality of the column vectors in alphas must match the
                  dimensionality of the square matrices in Q_blocks.)
                - for all valid i:
                    - 0 <= min(alphas[i]-lowers[i])
                    - 0 <= max(uppers[i]-alphas[i])
                - eps > 0
                - max_iter > 0
            ensures
                - This function solves the same QP as solve_qp_box_constrained(), except it is
                  optimized for the case where the Q matrix has a certain sparsity structure.
                  To be precise:
                    - Let Q1 be a block diagonal matrix with the elements of Q_blocks placed
                      along its diagonal, and in the order contained in Q_blocks.
                    - Let Q2 be a matrix with the same size as Q1, except instead of being block diagonal, it
                      is block structured into Q_blocks.nr() by Q_blocks.nc() blocks.  If we let (r,c) be the
                      coordinate of each block then each block contains the matrix
                      diagm(Q_offdiag[make_unordered_pair(r,c)]) or the zero matrix if Q_offdiag has no entry
                      for the coordinate (r,c).
                    - Let Q == Q1+Q2
                    - Let b == the concatenation of all the vectors in bs into one big vector.
                    - Let alpha == the concatenation of all the vectors in alphas into one big vector.
                    - Let lower == the concatenation of all the vectors in lowers into one big vector.
                    - Let upper == the concatenation of all the vectors in uppers into one big vector.
                    - Then this function solves the following quadratic program:
                        Minimize: f(alpha) == 0.5*trans(alpha)*Q*alpha + trans(b)*alpha
                        subject to the following box constraints on alpha:
                            - 0 <= min(alpha-lower)
                            - 0 <= max(upper-alpha)
                        Where f is convex.  This means that Q should be positive-semidefinite.
                    - More specifically, this function is identical to
                      solve_qp_box_constrained(Q, b, alpha, lower, upper, eps, max_iter),
                      except that it runs faster since it avoids unnecessary computation by
                      taking advantage of the sparsity structure in the QP.
                - The solution to the above QP will be stored in #alphas.
                - This function uses a combination of a SMO algorithm along with Nesterov's
                  method as the main iteration of the solver.  It starts the algorithm with the
                  given alpha and works on the problem until the magnitude of the changes we
                  are making to alpha are eps times smaller than the typical values in alpha.
                  So eps controls how accurate the solution is and smaller values result in
                  better solutions.
                - At most max_iter iterations of optimization will be performed.
                - returns the number of iterations performed.  If this method fails to
                  converge to eps accuracy then the number returned will be max_iter+1.
        !*/
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename EXP1,
            typename EXP2,
            typename T, long NRa, long NRb
            >
        unsigned long find_gap_between_convex_hulls (
            const matrix_exp<EXP1>& A,
            const matrix_exp<EXP2>& B,
            matrix<T,NRa,1>& cA,
            matrix<T,NRb,1>& cB,
            const double eps,
            const unsigned long max_iter = 1000
        );
        /*!
            requires
                - A.nr() == B.nr()
                - A.size() != 0
                - B.size() != 0
                - eps > 0
                - max_iter > 0
            ensures
                - If you think of A and B as sets of column vectors, then we can identify the
                  convex sets hullA and hullB, which are the convex hulls of A and B
                  respectively.  This function finds the pair of points in hullA and hullB that
                  are nearest to each other.  To be precise, this function solves the following
                  quadratic program:
                    Minimize: f(cA,cB) == length_squared(A*cA - B*cB)
                    subject to the following constraints on cA and cB:
                        - is_col_vector(cA) == true && cA.size() == A.nc()
                        - is_col_vector(cB) == true && cB.size() == B.nc()
                        - sum(cA) == 1 && min(cA) >= 0
                        - sum(cB) == 1 && min(cB) >= 0
                - This function uses an iterative block coordinate descent algorithm to solve
                  the QP.  It runs until either max_iter iterations have been performed or the
                  QP is solved to at least eps accuracy.
                - returns the number of iterations performed.  If this method fails to
                  converge to eps accuracy then the number returned will be max_iter+1.
        !*/

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_OPTIMIZATION_SOLVE_QP_UsING_SMO_ABSTRACT_Hh_