    // Copyright (C) 2008  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_OPTIMIZATIOn_H_
    #define DLIB_OPTIMIZATIOn_H_

    #include <cmath>
    #include <limits>
    #include "optimization_abstract.h"
    #include "optimization_search_strategies.h"
    #include "optimization_stop_strategies.h"
    #include "optimization_line_search.h"

    namespace dlib
    {

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //                    Functions that transform other functions
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <typename funct>
        class central_differences
        {
        public:
            central_differences(const funct& f_, double eps_ = 1e-7) : f(f_), eps(eps_){}

            template <typename T>
            typename T::matrix_type operator()(const T& x) const
            {
                // T must be some sort of dlib matrix
                COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_matrix<T>::value);

                typename T::matrix_type der(x.size());
                typename T::matrix_type e(x);
                for (long i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i)
                {
                    const double old_val = e(i);

                    e(i) += eps;
                    const double delta_plus = f(e);
                    e(i) = old_val - eps;
                    const double delta_minus = f(e);

                    der(i) = (delta_plus - delta_minus)/((old_val+eps)-(old_val-eps));

                    // and finally restore the old value of this element
                    e(i) = old_val;
                }

                return der;
            }

            template <typename T, typename U>
            typename U::matrix_type operator()(const T& item, const U& x) const
            {
                // U must be some sort of dlib matrix
                COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_matrix<U>::value);

                typename U::matrix_type der(x.size());
                typename U::matrix_type e(x);
                for (long i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i)
                {
                    const double old_val = e(i);

                    e(i) += eps;
                    const double delta_plus = f(item,e);
                    e(i) = old_val - eps;
                    const double delta_minus = f(item,e);

                    der(i) = (delta_plus - delta_minus)/((old_val+eps)-(old_val-eps));

                    // and finally restore the old value of this element
                    e(i) = old_val;
                }

                return der;
            }

            double operator()(const double& x) const
            {
                return (f(x+eps)-f(x-eps))/((x+eps)-(x-eps));
            }

        private:
            const funct& f;
            const double eps;
        };

        template <typename funct>
        const central_differences<funct> derivative(const funct& f) { return central_differences<funct>(f); }
        template <typename funct>
        const central_differences<funct> derivative(const funct& f, double eps)
        {
            DLIB_ASSERT (
                eps > 0,
                "\tcentral_differences derivative(f,eps)"
                << "\n\tYou must give an epsilon > 0"
                << "\n\teps:     " << eps
            );
            return central_differences<funct>(f,eps);
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <typename funct, typename EXP1, typename EXP2>
        struct clamped_function_object
        {
            clamped_function_object(
                const funct& f_,
                const matrix_exp<EXP1>& x_lower_,
                const matrix_exp<EXP2>& x_upper_
            ) : f(f_), x_lower(x_lower_), x_upper(x_upper_)
            {
            }

            template <typename T>
            double operator() (
                const T& x
            ) const
            {
                return f(clamp(x,x_lower,x_upper));
            }

            const funct& f;
            const matrix_exp<EXP1>& x_lower;
            const matrix_exp<EXP2>& x_upper;
        };

        template <typename funct, typename EXP1, typename EXP2>
        clamped_function_object<funct,EXP1,EXP2> clamp_function(
            const funct& f,
            const matrix_exp<EXP1>& x_lower,
            const matrix_exp<EXP2>& x_upper
        ) { return clamped_function_object<funct,EXP1,EXP2>(f,x_lower,x_upper); }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //                    Functions that perform unconstrained optimization
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename search_strategy_type,
            typename stop_strategy_type,
            typename funct,
            typename funct_der,
            typename T
            >
        double find_min (
            search_strategy_type search_strategy,
            stop_strategy_type stop_strategy,
            const funct& f,
            const funct_der& der,
            T& x,
            double min_f
        )
        {
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_matrix<T>::value);
            // The starting point (i.e. x) must be a column vector.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(T::NC <= 1);

            DLIB_CASSERT (
                is_col_vector(x),
                "\tdouble find_min()"
                << "\n\tYou have to supply column vectors to this function"
                << "\n\tx.nc():    " << x.nc()
            );

            T g, s;

            double f_value = f(x);
            g = der(x);

            if (!is_finite(f_value))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
            if (!is_finite(g))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");

            while(stop_strategy.should_continue_search(x, f_value, g) && f_value > min_f)
            {
                s = search_strategy.get_next_direction(x, f_value, g);

                double alpha = line_search(
                            make_line_search_function(f,x,s, f_value),
                            f_value,
                            make_line_search_function(der,x,s, g),
                            dot(g,s), // compute initial gradient for the line search
                            search_strategy.get_wolfe_rho(), search_strategy.get_wolfe_sigma(), min_f,
                            search_strategy.get_max_line_search_iterations());

                // Take the search step indicated by the above line search
                x += alpha*s;

                if (!is_finite(f_value))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
                if (!is_finite(g))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
            }

            return f_value;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename search_strategy_type,
            typename stop_strategy_type,
            typename funct,
            typename funct_der,
            typename T
            >
        double find_max (
            search_strategy_type search_strategy,
            stop_strategy_type stop_strategy,
            const funct& f,
            const funct_der& der,
            T& x,
            double max_f
        )
        {
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_matrix<T>::value);
            // The starting point (i.e. x) must be a column vector.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(T::NC <= 1);

            DLIB_CASSERT (
                is_col_vector(x),
                "\tdouble find_max()"
                << "\n\tYou have to supply column vectors to this function"
                << "\n\tx.nc():    " << x.nc()
            );

            T g, s;

            // This function is basically just a copy of find_min() but with - put in the right places
            // to flip things around so that it ends up looking for the max rather than the min.

            double f_value = -f(x);
            g = -der(x);

            if (!is_finite(f_value))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
            if (!is_finite(g))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");

            while(stop_strategy.should_continue_search(x, f_value, g) && f_value > -max_f)
            {
                s = search_strategy.get_next_direction(x, f_value, g);

                double alpha = line_search(
                            negate_function(make_line_search_function(f,x,s, f_value)),
                            f_value,
                            negate_function(make_line_search_function(der,x,s, g)),
                            dot(g,s), // compute initial gradient for the line search
                            search_strategy.get_wolfe_rho(), search_strategy.get_wolfe_sigma(), -max_f,
                            search_strategy.get_max_line_search_iterations()
                            );

                // Take the search step indicated by the above line search
                x += alpha*s;

                // Don't forget to negate these outputs from the line search since they are
                // from the unnegated versions of f() and der()
                g *= -1;
                f_value *= -1;

                if (!is_finite(f_value))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
                if (!is_finite(g))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");

                // Gradient is zero, no more progress is possible.  So stop.
                if (alpha == 0)
                    break;
            }

            return -f_value;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename search_strategy_type,
            typename stop_strategy_type,
            typename funct,
            typename T
            >
        double find_min_using_approximate_derivatives (
            search_strategy_type search_strategy,
            stop_strategy_type stop_strategy,
            const funct& f,
            T& x,
            double min_f,
            double derivative_eps = 1e-7
        )
        {
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_matrix<T>::value);
            // The starting point (i.e. x) must be a column vector.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(T::NC <= 1);

            DLIB_CASSERT (
                is_col_vector(x) && derivative_eps > 0,
                "\tdouble find_min_using_approximate_derivatives()"
                << "\n\tYou have to supply column vectors to this function"
                << "\n\tx.nc():         " << x.nc()
                << "\n\tderivative_eps: " << derivative_eps
            );

            T g, s;

            double f_value = f(x);
            g = derivative(f,derivative_eps)(x);

            if (!is_finite(f_value))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
            if (!is_finite(g))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");

            while(stop_strategy.should_continue_search(x, f_value, g) && f_value > min_f)
            {
                s = search_strategy.get_next_direction(x, f_value, g);

                double alpha = line_search(
                            make_line_search_function(f,x,s,f_value),
                            f_value,
                            derivative(make_line_search_function(f,x,s),derivative_eps),
                            dot(g,s),  // Sometimes the following line is a better way of determining the initial gradient.
                            //derivative(make_line_search_function(f,x,s),derivative_eps)(0),
                            search_strategy.get_wolfe_rho(), search_strategy.get_wolfe_sigma(), min_f,
                            search_strategy.get_max_line_search_iterations()
                            );

                // Take the search step indicated by the above line search
                x += alpha*s;

                g = derivative(f,derivative_eps)(x);

                if (!is_finite(f_value))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
                if (!is_finite(g))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
            }

            return f_value;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename search_strategy_type,
            typename stop_strategy_type,
            typename funct,
            typename T
            >
        double find_max_using_approximate_derivatives (
            search_strategy_type search_strategy,
            stop_strategy_type stop_strategy,
            const funct& f,
            T& x,
            double max_f,
            double derivative_eps = 1e-7
        )
        {
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_matrix<T>::value);
            // The starting point (i.e. x) must be a column vector.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(T::NC <= 1);

            DLIB_CASSERT (
                is_col_vector(x) && derivative_eps > 0,
                "\tdouble find_max_using_approximate_derivatives()"
                << "\n\tYou have to supply column vectors to this function"
                << "\n\tx.nc():         " << x.nc()
                << "\n\tderivative_eps: " << derivative_eps
            );

            // Just negate the necessary things and call the find_min version of this function.
            return -find_min_using_approximate_derivatives(
                search_strategy,
                stop_strategy,
                negate_function(f),
                x,
                -max_f,
                derivative_eps
            );
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //                      Functions for box constrained optimization
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <typename T, typename U, typename V>
        T zero_bounded_variables (
            const double eps,
            T vect,
            const T& x,
            const T& gradient,
            const U& x_lower,
            const V& x_upper
        )
        {
            for (long i = 0; i < gradient.size(); ++i)
            {
                const double tol = eps*std::abs(x(i));
                // if x(i) is an active bound constraint
                if (x_lower(i)+tol >= x(i) && gradient(i) > 0)
                    vect(i) = 0;
                else if (x_upper(i)-tol <= x(i) && gradient(i) < 0)
                    vect(i) = 0;
            }
            return vect;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <typename T, typename U, typename V>
        T gap_step_assign_bounded_variables (
            const double eps,
            T vect,
            const T& x,
            const T& gradient,
            const U& x_lower,
            const V& x_upper
        )
        {
            for (long i = 0; i < gradient.size(); ++i)
            {
                const double tol = eps*std::abs(x(i));
                // If x(i) is an active bound constraint then we should set its search
                // direction such that a single step along the direction either does nothing or
                // closes the gap of size tol before hitting the bound exactly.
                if (x_lower(i)+tol >= x(i) && gradient(i) > 0)
                    vect(i) = x_lower(i)-x(i);
                else if (x_upper(i)-tol <= x(i) && gradient(i) < 0)
                    vect(i) = x_upper(i)-x(i);
            }
            return vect;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename search_strategy_type,
            typename stop_strategy_type,
            typename funct,
            typename funct_der,
            typename T,
            typename EXP1,
            typename EXP2
            >
        double find_min_box_constrained (
            search_strategy_type search_strategy,
            stop_strategy_type stop_strategy,
            const funct& f,
            const funct_der& der,
            T& x,
            const matrix_exp<EXP1>& x_lower,
            const matrix_exp<EXP2>& x_upper
        )
        {
            /*
                The implementation of this function is more or less based on the discussion in
                the paper Projected Newton-type Methods in Machine Learning by Mark Schmidt, et al.
            */

            // make sure the requires clause is not violated
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_matrix<T>::value);
            // The starting point (i.e. x) must be a column vector.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(T::NC <= 1);

            DLIB_CASSERT (
                is_col_vector(x) && is_col_vector(x_lower) && is_col_vector(x_upper) &&
                x.size() == x_lower.size() && x.size() == x_upper.size(),
                "\tdouble find_min_box_constrained()"
                << "\n\t The inputs to this function must be equal length column vectors."
                << "\n\t is_col_vector(x):       " << is_col_vector(x)
                << "\n\t is_col_vector(x_upper): " << is_col_vector(x_upper)
                << "\n\t is_col_vector(x_upper): " << is_col_vector(x_upper)
                << "\n\t x.size():               " << x.size()
                << "\n\t x_lower.size():         " << x_lower.size()
                << "\n\t x_upper.size():         " << x_upper.size()
            );
            DLIB_ASSERT (
                min(x_upper-x_lower) >= 0,
                "\tdouble find_min_box_constrained()"
                << "\n\t You have to supply proper box constraints to this function."
                << "\n\r min(x_upper-x_lower): " << min(x_upper-x_lower)
            );

            T g, s;
            double f_value = f(x);
            g = der(x);

            if (!is_finite(f_value))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
            if (!is_finite(g))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");

            // gap_eps determines how close we have to get to a bound constraint before we
            // start basically dropping it from the optimization and consider it to be an
            // active constraint.
            const double gap_eps = 1e-8;

            double last_alpha = 1;
            while(stop_strategy.should_continue_search(x, f_value, g))
            {
                s = search_strategy.get_next_direction(x, f_value, zero_bounded_variables(gap_eps, g, x, g, x_lower, x_upper));
                s = gap_step_assign_bounded_variables(gap_eps, s, x, g, x_lower, x_upper);

                double alpha = backtracking_line_search(
                            make_line_search_function(clamp_function(f,x_lower,x_upper), x, s, f_value),
                            f_value,
                            dot(g,s), // compute gradient for the line search
                            last_alpha,
                            search_strategy.get_wolfe_rho(),
                            search_strategy.get_max_line_search_iterations());

                // Do a trust region style thing for alpha.  The idea is that if we take a
                // small step then we are likely to take another small step.  So we reuse the
                // alpha from the last iteration unless the line search didn't shrink alpha at
                // all, in that case, we start with a bigger alpha next time.
                if (alpha == last_alpha)
                    last_alpha = std::min(last_alpha*10,1.0);
                else
                    last_alpha = alpha;

                // Take the search step indicated by the above line search
                x = dlib::clamp(x + alpha*s, x_lower, x_upper);
                g = der(x);

                if (!is_finite(f_value))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
                if (!is_finite(g))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
            }

            return f_value;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename search_strategy_type,
            typename stop_strategy_type,
            typename funct,
            typename funct_der,
            typename T
            >
        double find_min_box_constrained (
            search_strategy_type search_strategy,
            stop_strategy_type stop_strategy,
            const funct& f,
            const funct_der& der,
            T& x,
            double x_lower,
            double x_upper
        )
        {
            // The starting point (i.e. x) must be a column vector.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(T::NC <= 1);

            typedef typename T::type scalar_type;
            return find_min_box_constrained(search_strategy,
                                            stop_strategy,
                                            f,
                                            der,
                                            x,
                                            uniform_matrix<scalar_type>(x.size(),1,x_lower),
                                            uniform_matrix<scalar_type>(x.size(),1,x_upper) );
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename search_strategy_type,
            typename stop_strategy_type,
            typename funct,
            typename funct_der,
            typename T,
            typename EXP1,
            typename EXP2
            >
        double find_max_box_constrained (
            search_strategy_type search_strategy,
            stop_strategy_type stop_strategy,
            const funct& f,
            const funct_der& der,
            T& x,
            const matrix_exp<EXP1>& x_lower,
            const matrix_exp<EXP2>& x_upper
        )
        {
            // make sure the requires clause is not violated
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(is_matrix<T>::value);
            // The starting point (i.e. x) must be a column vector.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(T::NC <= 1);

            DLIB_CASSERT (
                is_col_vector(x) && is_col_vector(x_lower) && is_col_vector(x_upper) &&
                x.size() == x_lower.size() && x.size() == x_upper.size(),
                "\tdouble find_max_box_constrained()"
                << "\n\t The inputs to this function must be equal length column vectors."
                << "\n\t is_col_vector(x):       " << is_col_vector(x)
                << "\n\t is_col_vector(x_upper): " << is_col_vector(x_upper)
                << "\n\t is_col_vector(x_upper): " << is_col_vector(x_upper)
                << "\n\t x.size():               " << x.size()
                << "\n\t x_lower.size():         " << x_lower.size()
                << "\n\t x_upper.size():         " << x_upper.size()
            );
            DLIB_ASSERT (
                min(x_upper-x_lower) >= 0,
                "\tdouble find_max_box_constrained()"
                << "\n\t You have to supply proper box constraints to this function."
                << "\n\r min(x_upper-x_lower): " << min(x_upper-x_lower)
            );

            // This function is basically just a copy of find_min_box_constrained() but with - put
            // in the right places to flip things around so that it ends up looking for the max
            // rather than the min.

            T g, s;
            double f_value = -f(x);
            g = -der(x);

            if (!is_finite(f_value))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
            if (!is_finite(g))
                throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");

            // gap_eps determines how close we have to get to a bound constraint before we
            // start basically dropping it from the optimization and consider it to be an
            // active constraint.
            const double gap_eps = 1e-8;

            double last_alpha = 1;
            while(stop_strategy.should_continue_search(x, f_value, g))
            {
                s = search_strategy.get_next_direction(x, f_value, zero_bounded_variables(gap_eps, g, x, g, x_lower, x_upper));
                s = gap_step_assign_bounded_variables(gap_eps, s, x, g, x_lower, x_upper);

                double alpha = backtracking_line_search(
                            negate_function(make_line_search_function(clamp_function(f,x_lower,x_upper), x, s, f_value)),
                            f_value,
                            dot(g,s), // compute gradient for the line search
                            last_alpha,
                            search_strategy.get_wolfe_rho(),
                            search_strategy.get_max_line_search_iterations());

                // Do a trust region style thing for alpha.  The idea is that if we take a
                // small step then we are likely to take another small step.  So we reuse the
                // alpha from the last iteration unless the line search didn't shrink alpha at
                // all, in that case, we start with a bigger alpha next time.
                if (alpha == last_alpha)
                    last_alpha = std::min(last_alpha*10,1.0);
                else
                    last_alpha = alpha;

                // Take the search step indicated by the above line search
                x = dlib::clamp(x + alpha*s, x_lower, x_upper);
                g = -der(x);

                // Don't forget to negate the output from the line search since it is  from the
                // unnegated version of f()
                f_value *= -1;

                if (!is_finite(f_value))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
                if (!is_finite(g))
                    throw error("The objective function generated non-finite outputs");
            }

            return -f_value;
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        template <
            typename search_strategy_type,
            typename stop_strategy_type,
            typename funct,
            typename funct_der,
            typename T
            >
        double find_max_box_constrained (
            search_strategy_type search_strategy,
            stop_strategy_type stop_strategy,
            const funct& f,
            const funct_der& der,
            T& x,
            double x_lower,
            double x_upper
        )
        {
            // The starting point (i.e. x) must be a column vector.
            COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(T::NC <= 1);

            typedef typename T::type scalar_type;
            return find_max_box_constrained(search_strategy,
                                            stop_strategy,
                                            f,
                                            der,
                                            x,
                                            uniform_matrix<scalar_type>(x.size(),1,x_lower),
                                            uniform_matrix<scalar_type>(x.size(),1,x_upper) );
        }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    }

    #endif // DLIB_OPTIMIZATIOn_H_