# Interface PreparedStatement

All Superinterfaces:
  `AutoCloseable, Statement, Wrapper`

All Known Subinterfaces:
  `CallableStatement`

public interface PreparedStatement extends Statement
An object that represents a precompiled SQL statement.

A SQL statement is precompiled and stored in a `PreparedStatement` object. This object can then be used to efficiently execute this statement multiple times.

Note: The setter methods (`setShort`, `setString`, and so on) for setting IN parameter values must specify types that are compatible with the defined SQL type of the input parameter. For instance, if the IN parameter has SQL type `INTEGER`, then the method `setInt` should be used.

If arbitrary parameter type conversions are required, the method `setObject` should be used with a target SQL type.

In the following example of setting a parameter, `con` represents an active connection:

      BigDecimal sal = new BigDecimal("153833.00");
      PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("UPDATE EMPLOYEES
                                        SET SALARY = ? WHERE ID = ?");
      pstmt.setBigDecimal(1, sal);
      pstmt.setInt(2, 110592);

Since:
  1.1
See Also:
  - `Connection.prepareStatement(String)`
  - `ResultSet`

- ## Field Summary

  ### Fields declared in interface Statement

  `CLOSE_ALL_RESULTS, CLOSE_CURRENT_RESULT, EXECUTE_FAILED, KEEP_CURRENT_RESULT, NO_GENERATED_KEYS, RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS, SUCCESS_NO_INFO`

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `void`
  `addBatch()`
  Adds a set of parameters to this `PreparedStatement` object's batch of commands.
  `void`
  `clearParameters()`
  Clears the current parameter values immediately.
  `boolean`
  `execute()`
  Executes the SQL statement in this `PreparedStatement` object, which may be any kind of SQL statement.
  `default long`
  `executeLargeUpdate()`
  Executes the SQL statement in this `PreparedStatement` object, which must be an SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) statement, such as `INSERT`, `UPDATE` or `DELETE`; or an SQL statement that returns nothing, such as a DDL statement.
  `ResultSet`
  `executeQuery()`
  Executes the SQL query in this `PreparedStatement` object and returns the `ResultSet` object generated by the query.
  `int`
  `executeUpdate()`
  Executes the SQL statement in this `PreparedStatement` object, which must be an SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) statement, such as `INSERT`, `UPDATE` or `DELETE`; or an SQL statement that returns nothing, such as a DDL statement.
  `ResultSetMetaData`
  `getMetaData()`
  Retrieves a `ResultSetMetaData` object that contains information about the columns of the `ResultSet` object that will be returned when this `PreparedStatement` object is executed.
  `ParameterMetaData`
  `getParameterMetaData()`
  Retrieves the number, types and properties of this `PreparedStatement` object's parameters.
  `void`
  `setArray(int parameterIndex, Array x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Array` object.
  `void`
  `setAsciiStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream.
  `void`
  `setAsciiStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, int length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream, which will have the specified number of bytes.
  `void`
  `setAsciiStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, long length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream, which will have the specified number of bytes.
  `void`
  `setBigDecimal(int parameterIndex, BigDecimal x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.math.BigDecimal` value.
  `void`
  `setBinaryStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream.
  `void`
  `setBinaryStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, int length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream, which will have the specified number of bytes.
  `void`
  `setBinaryStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, long length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream, which will have the specified number of bytes.
  `void`
  `setBlob(int parameterIndex, InputStream inputStream)`
  Sets the designated parameter to a `InputStream` object.
  `void`
  `setBlob(int parameterIndex, InputStream inputStream, long length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to a `InputStream` object.
  `void`
  `setBlob(int parameterIndex, Blob x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Blob` object.
  `void`
  `setBoolean(int parameterIndex, boolean x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `boolean` value.
  `void`
  `setByte(int parameterIndex, byte x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `byte` value.
  `void`
  `setBytes(int parameterIndex, byte[] x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given Java array of bytes.
  `void`
  `setCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader reader)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `Reader` object.
  `void`
  `setCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader reader, int length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `Reader` object, which is the given number of characters long.
  `void`
  `setCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader reader, long length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `Reader` object, which is the given number of characters long.
  `void`
  `setClob(int parameterIndex, Reader reader)`
  Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object.
  `void`
  `setClob(int parameterIndex, Reader reader, long length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object.
  `void`
  `setClob(int parameterIndex, Clob x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Clob` object.
  `void`
  `setDate(int parameterIndex, Date x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Date` value using the default time zone of the virtual machine that is running the application.
  `void`
  `setDate(int parameterIndex, Date x, Calendar cal)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Date` value, using the given `Calendar` object.
  `void`
  `setDouble(int parameterIndex, double x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `double` value.
  `void`
  `setFloat(int parameterIndex, float x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `float` value.
  `void`
  `setInt(int parameterIndex, int x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `int` value.
  `void`
  `setLong(int parameterIndex, long x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `long` value.
  `void`
  `setNCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader value)`
  Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object.
  `void`
  `setNCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader value, long length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object.
  `void`
  `setNClob(int parameterIndex, Reader reader)`
  Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object.
  `void`
  `setNClob(int parameterIndex, Reader reader, long length)`
  Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object.
  `void`
  `setNClob(int parameterIndex, NClob value)`
  Sets the designated parameter to a `java.sql.NClob` object.
  `void`
  `setNString(int parameterIndex, String value)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `String` object.
  `void`
  `setNull(int parameterIndex, int sqlType)`
  Sets the designated parameter to SQL `NULL`.
  `void`
  `setNull(int parameterIndex, int sqlType, String typeName)`
  Sets the designated parameter to SQL `NULL`.
  `void`
  `setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x)`
  Sets the value of the designated parameter using the given object.
  `void`
  `setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, int targetSqlType)`
  Sets the value of the designated parameter with the given object.
  `void`
  `setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, int targetSqlType, int scaleOrLength)`
  Sets the value of the designated parameter with the given object.
  `default void`
  `setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, SQLType targetSqlType)`
  Sets the value of the designated parameter with the given object.
  `default void`
  `setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, SQLType targetSqlType, int scaleOrLength)`
  Sets the value of the designated parameter with the given object.
  `void`
  `setRef(int parameterIndex, Ref x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `REF(<structured-type>)` value.
  `void`
  `setRowId(int parameterIndex, RowId x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.RowId` object.
  `void`
  `setShort(int parameterIndex, short x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `short` value.
  `void`
  `setSQLXML(int parameterIndex, SQLXML xmlObject)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.SQLXML` object.
  `void`
  `setString(int parameterIndex, String x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `String` value.
  `void`
  `setTime(int parameterIndex, Time x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Time` value.
  `void`
  `setTime(int parameterIndex, Time x, Calendar cal)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Time` value, using the given `Calendar` object.
  `void`
  `setTimestamp(int parameterIndex, Timestamp x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Timestamp` value.
  `void`
  `setTimestamp(int parameterIndex, Timestamp x, Calendar cal)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Timestamp` value, using the given `Calendar` object.
  `void`
  `setUnicodeStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, int length)`
  Deprecated.
  Use `setCharacterStream`
  `void`
  `setURL(int parameterIndex, URL x)`
  Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.net.URL` value.

  ### Methods declared in interface Statement

  `addBatch, cancel, clearBatch, clearWarnings, close, closeOnCompletion, enquoteIdentifier, enquoteLiteral, enquoteNCharLiteral, execute, execute, execute, execute, executeBatch, executeLargeBatch, executeLargeUpdate, executeLargeUpdate, executeLargeUpdate, executeLargeUpdate, executeQuery, executeUpdate, executeUpdate, executeUpdate, executeUpdate, getConnection, getFetchDirection, getFetchSize, getGeneratedKeys, getLargeMaxRows, getLargeUpdateCount, getMaxFieldSize, getMaxRows, getMoreResults, getMoreResults, getQueryTimeout, getResultSet, getResultSetConcurrency, getResultSetHoldability, getResultSetType, getUpdateCount, getWarnings, isClosed, isCloseOnCompletion, isPoolable, isSimpleIdentifier, setCursorName, setEscapeProcessing, setFetchDirection, setFetchSize, setLargeMaxRows, setMaxFieldSize, setMaxRows, setPoolable, setQueryTimeout`

  ### Methods declared in interface Wrapper

  `isWrapperFor, unwrap`

- ## Method Details

  - ### executeQuery

    ResultSet executeQuery() throws SQLException
    Executes the SQL query in this `PreparedStatement` object and returns the `ResultSet` object generated by the query.
    Returns:
      a `ResultSet` object that contains the data produced by the query; never `null`
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or the SQL statement does not return a `ResultSet` object
      `SQLTimeoutException` - when the driver has determined that the timeout value that was specified by the `setQueryTimeout` method has been exceeded and has at least attempted to cancel the currently running `Statement`

  - ### executeUpdate

    int executeUpdate() throws SQLException
    Executes the SQL statement in this `PreparedStatement` object, which must be an SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) statement, such as `INSERT`, `UPDATE` or `DELETE`; or an SQL statement that returns nothing, such as a DDL statement.
    Returns:
      either (1) the row count for SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements or (2) 0 for SQL statements that return nothing
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or the SQL statement returns a `ResultSet` object
      `SQLTimeoutException` - when the driver has determined that the timeout value that was specified by the `setQueryTimeout` method has been exceeded and has at least attempted to cancel the currently running `Statement`

  - ### setNull

    void setNull(int parameterIndex, int sqlType) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to SQL `NULL`.

    Note: You must specify the parameter's SQL type.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `sqlType` - the SQL type code defined in `java.sql.Types`
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if `sqlType` is a `ARRAY`, `BLOB`, `CLOB`, `DATALINK`, `JAVA_OBJECT`, `NCHAR`, `NCLOB`, `NVARCHAR`, `LONGNVARCHAR`, `REF`, `ROWID`, `SQLXML` or `STRUCT` data type and the JDBC driver does not support this data type

  - ### setBoolean

    void setBoolean(int parameterIndex, boolean x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `boolean` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `BIT` or `BOOLEAN` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setByte

    void setByte(int parameterIndex, byte x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `byte` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `TINYINT` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setShort

    void setShort(int parameterIndex, short x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `short` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `SMALLINT` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setInt

    void setInt(int parameterIndex, int x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `int` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `INTEGER` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setLong

    void setLong(int parameterIndex, long x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `long` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `BIGINT` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setFloat

    void setFloat(int parameterIndex, float x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `float` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `REAL` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setDouble

    void setDouble(int parameterIndex, double x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `double` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `DOUBLE` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setBigDecimal

    void setBigDecimal(int parameterIndex, BigDecimal x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.math.BigDecimal` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `NUMERIC` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setString

    void setString(int parameterIndex, String x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given Java `String` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `VARCHAR` or `LONGVARCHAR` value (depending on the argument's size relative to the driver's limits on `VARCHAR` values) when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setBytes

    void setBytes(int parameterIndex, byte[] x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given Java array of bytes. The driver converts this to an SQL `VARBINARY` or `LONGVARBINARY` (depending on the argument's size relative to the driver's limits on `VARBINARY` values) when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setDate

    void setDate(int parameterIndex, Date x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Date` value using the default time zone of the virtual machine that is running the application. The driver converts this to an SQL `DATE` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setTime

    void setTime(int parameterIndex, Time x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Time` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `TIME` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setTimestamp

    void setTimestamp(int parameterIndex, Timestamp x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Timestamp` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `TIMESTAMP` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setAsciiStream

    void setAsciiStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, int length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream, which will have the specified number of bytes. When a very large ASCII value is input to a `LONGVARCHAR` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.InputStream`. Data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached. The JDBC driver will do any necessary conversion from ASCII to the database char format.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the Java input stream that contains the ASCII parameter value
      `length` - the number of bytes in the stream
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setUnicodeStream

    @Deprecated(since="1.2") void setUnicodeStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, int length) throws SQLException
    Deprecated.
    Use `setCharacterStream`
    Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream, which will have the specified number of bytes. When a very large Unicode value is input to a `LONGVARCHAR` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.InputStream` object. The data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached. The JDBC driver will do any necessary conversion from Unicode to the database char format. The byte format of the Unicode stream must be a Java UTF-8, as defined in the Java Virtual Machine Specification.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - a `java.io.InputStream` object that contains the Unicode parameter value
      `length` - the number of bytes in the stream
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method

  - ### setBinaryStream

    void setBinaryStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, int length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream, which will have the specified number of bytes. When a very large binary value is input to a `LONGVARBINARY` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.InputStream` object. The data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the java input stream which contains the binary parameter value
      `length` - the number of bytes in the stream
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### clearParameters

    void clearParameters() throws SQLException
    Clears the current parameter values immediately.

    In general, parameter values remain in force for repeated use of a statement. Setting a parameter value automatically clears its previous value. However, in some cases it is useful to immediately release the resources used by the current parameter values; this can be done by calling the method `clearParameters`.

    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`

  - ### setObject

    void setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, int targetSqlType) throws SQLException
    Sets the value of the designated parameter with the given object. This method is similar to `setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, int targetSqlType, int scaleOrLength)`, except that it assumes a scale of zero.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the object containing the input parameter value
      `targetSqlType` - the SQL type (as defined in java.sql.Types) to be sent to the database
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed PreparedStatement
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support the specified targetSqlType
    See Also:
      - `Types`

  - ### setObject

    void setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x) throws SQLException

    Sets the value of the designated parameter using the given object.

    The JDBC specification specifies a standard mapping from Java `Object` types to SQL types. The given argument will be converted to the corresponding SQL type before being sent to the database.

    Note that this method may be used to pass database- specific abstract data types, by using a driver-specific Java type. If the object is of a class implementing the interface `SQLData`, the JDBC driver should call the method `SQLData.writeSQL` to write it to the SQL data stream. If, on the other hand, the object is of a class implementing `Ref`, `Blob`, `Clob`, `NClob`, `Struct`, `java.net.URL`, `RowId`, `SQLXML` or `Array`, the driver should pass it to the database as a value of the corresponding SQL type.

    Note: Not all databases allow for a non-typed Null to be sent to the backend. For maximum portability, the `setNull` or the `setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, int sqlType)` method should be used instead of `setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x)`.

    Note: This method throws an exception if there is an ambiguity, for example, if the object is of a class implementing more than one of the interfaces named above.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the object containing the input parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or the type of the given object is ambiguous

  - ### execute

    boolean execute() throws SQLException
    Executes the SQL statement in this `PreparedStatement` object, which may be any kind of SQL statement. Some prepared statements return multiple results; the `execute` method handles these complex statements as well as the simpler form of statements handled by the methods `executeQuery` and `executeUpdate`.

    The `execute` method returns a `boolean` to indicate the form of the first result. You must call either the method `getResultSet` or `getUpdateCount` to retrieve the result; you must call `getMoreResults` to move to any subsequent result(s).

    Returns:
      `true` if the first result is a `ResultSet` object; `false` if the first result is an update count or there is no result
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or an argument is supplied to this method
      `SQLTimeoutException` - when the driver has determined that the timeout value that was specified by the `setQueryTimeout` method has been exceeded and has at least attempted to cancel the currently running `Statement`
    See Also:
      - `Statement.execute(String)`
      - `Statement.getResultSet()`
      - `Statement.getUpdateCount()`
      - `Statement.getMoreResults()`

  - ### addBatch

    void addBatch() throws SQLException
    Adds a set of parameters to this `PreparedStatement` object's batch of commands.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
    Since:
      1.2
    See Also:
      - `Statement.addBatch(String)`

  - ### setCharacterStream

    void setCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader reader, int length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `Reader` object, which is the given number of characters long. When a very large UNICODE value is input to a `LONGVARCHAR` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.Reader` object. The data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached. The JDBC driver will do any necessary conversion from UNICODE to the database char format.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `reader` - the `java.io.Reader` object that contains the Unicode data
      `length` - the number of characters in the stream
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### setRef

    void setRef(int parameterIndex, Ref x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `REF(<structured-type>)` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `REF` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - an SQL `REF` value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### setBlob

    void setBlob(int parameterIndex, Blob x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Blob` object. The driver converts this to an SQL `BLOB` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - a `Blob` object that maps an SQL `BLOB` value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### setClob

    void setClob(int parameterIndex, Clob x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Clob` object. The driver converts this to an SQL `CLOB` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - a `Clob` object that maps an SQL `CLOB` value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### setArray

    void setArray(int parameterIndex, Array x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Array` object. The driver converts this to an SQL `ARRAY` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - an `Array` object that maps an SQL `ARRAY` value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### getMetaData

    ResultSetMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException
    Retrieves a `ResultSetMetaData` object that contains information about the columns of the `ResultSet` object that will be returned when this `PreparedStatement` object is executed.

    Because a `PreparedStatement` object is precompiled, it is possible to know about the `ResultSet` object that it will return without having to execute it. Consequently, it is possible to invoke the method `getMetaData` on a `PreparedStatement` object rather than waiting to execute it and then invoking the `ResultSet.getMetaData` method on the `ResultSet` object that is returned.

    NOTE: Using this method may be expensive for some drivers due to the lack of underlying DBMS support.

    Returns:
      the description of a `ResultSet` object's columns or `null` if the driver cannot return a `ResultSetMetaData` object
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### setDate

    void setDate(int parameterIndex, Date x, Calendar cal) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Date` value, using the given `Calendar` object. The driver uses the `Calendar` object to construct an SQL `DATE` value, which the driver then sends to the database. With a `Calendar` object, the driver can calculate the date taking into account a custom timezone. If no `Calendar` object is specified, the driver uses the default timezone, which is that of the virtual machine running the application.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
      `cal` - the `Calendar` object the driver will use to construct the date
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### setTime

    void setTime(int parameterIndex, Time x, Calendar cal) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Time` value, using the given `Calendar` object. The driver uses the `Calendar` object to construct an SQL `TIME` value, which the driver then sends to the database. With a `Calendar` object, the driver can calculate the time taking into account a custom timezone. If no `Calendar` object is specified, the driver uses the default timezone, which is that of the virtual machine running the application.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
      `cal` - the `Calendar` object the driver will use to construct the time
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### setTimestamp

    void setTimestamp(int parameterIndex, Timestamp x, Calendar cal) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.Timestamp` value, using the given `Calendar` object. The driver uses the `Calendar` object to construct an SQL `TIMESTAMP` value, which the driver then sends to the database. With a `Calendar` object, the driver can calculate the timestamp taking into account a custom timezone. If no `Calendar` object is specified, the driver uses the default timezone, which is that of the virtual machine running the application.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
      `cal` - the `Calendar` object the driver will use to construct the timestamp
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### setNull

    void setNull(int parameterIndex, int sqlType, String typeName) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to SQL `NULL`. This version of the method `setNull` should be used for user-defined types and REF type parameters. Examples of user-defined types include: STRUCT, DISTINCT, JAVA_OBJECT, and named array types.

    Note: To be portable, applications must give the SQL type code and the fully-qualified SQL type name when specifying a NULL user-defined or REF parameter. In the case of a user-defined type the name is the type name of the parameter itself. For a REF parameter, the name is the type name of the referenced type. If a JDBC driver does not need the type code or type name information, it may ignore it. Although it is intended for user-defined and Ref parameters, this method may be used to set a null parameter of any JDBC type. If the parameter does not have a user-defined or REF type, the given typeName is ignored.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `sqlType` - a value from `java.sql.Types`
      `typeName` - the fully-qualified name of an SQL user-defined type; ignored if the parameter is not a user-defined type or REF
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if `sqlType` is a `ARRAY`, `BLOB`, `CLOB`, `DATALINK`, `JAVA_OBJECT`, `NCHAR`, `NCLOB`, `NVARCHAR`, `LONGNVARCHAR`, `REF`, `ROWID`, `SQLXML` or `STRUCT` data type and the JDBC driver does not support this data type or if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### setURL

    void setURL(int parameterIndex, URL x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.net.URL` value. The driver converts this to an SQL `DATALINK` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the `java.net.URL` object to be set
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.4

  - ### getParameterMetaData

    ParameterMetaData getParameterMetaData() throws SQLException
    Retrieves the number, types and properties of this `PreparedStatement` object's parameters.
    Returns:
      a `ParameterMetaData` object that contains information about the number, types and properties for each parameter marker of this `PreparedStatement` object
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
    Since:
      1.4
    See Also:
      - `ParameterMetaData`

  - ### setRowId

    void setRowId(int parameterIndex, RowId x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.RowId` object. The driver converts this to a SQL `ROWID` value when it sends it to the database
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setNString

    void setNString(int parameterIndex, String value) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `String` object. The driver converts this to a SQL `NCHAR` or `NVARCHAR` or `LONGNVARCHAR` value (depending on the argument's size relative to the driver's limits on `NVARCHAR` values) when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `value` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if the driver does not support national character sets; if the driver can detect that a data conversion error could occur; if a database access error occurs; or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setNCharacterStream

    void setNCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader value, long length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object. The `Reader` reads the data till end-of-file is reached. The driver does the necessary conversion from Java character format to the national character set in the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `value` - the parameter value
      `length` - the number of characters in the parameter data.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if the driver does not support national character sets; if the driver can detect that a data conversion error could occur; if a database access error occurs; or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setNClob

    void setNClob(int parameterIndex, NClob value) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to a `java.sql.NClob` object. The driver converts this to a SQL `NCLOB` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `value` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if the driver does not support national character sets; if the driver can detect that a data conversion error could occur; if a database access error occurs; or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setClob

    void setClob(int parameterIndex, Reader reader, long length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object. The reader must contain the number of characters specified by length otherwise a `SQLException` will be generated when the `PreparedStatement` is executed. This method differs from the `setCharacterStream (int, Reader, int)` method because it informs the driver that the parameter value should be sent to the server as a `CLOB`. When the `setCharacterStream` method is used, the driver may have to do extra work to determine whether the parameter data should be sent to the server as a `LONGVARCHAR` or a `CLOB`
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - index of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `reader` - An object that contains the data to set the parameter value to.
      `length` - the number of characters in the parameter data.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or if the length specified is less than zero.
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setBlob

    void setBlob(int parameterIndex, InputStream inputStream, long length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to a `InputStream` object. The `Inputstream` must contain the number of characters specified by length otherwise a `SQLException` will be generated when the `PreparedStatement` is executed. This method differs from the `setBinaryStream (int, InputStream, int)` method because it informs the driver that the parameter value should be sent to the server as a `BLOB`. When the `setBinaryStream` method is used, the driver may have to do extra work to determine whether the parameter data should be sent to the server as a `LONGVARBINARY` or a `BLOB`
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - index of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `inputStream` - An object that contains the data to set the parameter value to.
      `length` - the number of bytes in the parameter data.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`; if the length specified is less than zero or if the number of bytes in the `InputStream` does not match the specified length.
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setNClob

    void setNClob(int parameterIndex, Reader reader, long length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object. The reader must contain the number of characters specified by length otherwise a `SQLException` will be generated when the `PreparedStatement` is executed. This method differs from the `setCharacterStream (int, Reader, int)` method because it informs the driver that the parameter value should be sent to the server as a `NCLOB`. When the `setCharacterStream` method is used, the driver may have to do extra work to determine whether the parameter data should be sent to the server as a `LONGNVARCHAR` or a `NCLOB`
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - index of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `reader` - An object that contains the data to set the parameter value to.
      `length` - the number of characters in the parameter data.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if the length specified is less than zero; if the driver does not support national character sets; if the driver can detect that a data conversion error could occur; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setSQLXML

    void setSQLXML(int parameterIndex, SQLXML xmlObject) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `java.sql.SQLXML` object. The driver converts this to an SQL `XML` value when it sends it to the database.
    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - index of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `xmlObject` - a `SQLXML` object that maps an SQL `XML` value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or the `java.xml.transform.Result`, `Writer` or `OutputStream` has not been closed for the `SQLXML` object
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setObject

    void setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, int targetSqlType, int scaleOrLength) throws SQLException

    Sets the value of the designated parameter with the given object. If the second argument is an `InputStream` then the stream must contain the number of bytes specified by scaleOrLength. If the second argument is a `Reader` then the reader must contain the number of characters specified by scaleOrLength. If these conditions are not true the driver will generate a `SQLException` when the prepared statement is executed.

    The given Java object will be converted to the given targetSqlType before being sent to the database. If the object has a custom mapping (is of a class implementing the interface `SQLData`), the JDBC driver should call the method `SQLData.writeSQL` to write it to the SQL data stream. If, on the other hand, the object is of a class implementing `Ref`, `Blob`, `Clob`, `NClob`, `Struct`, `java.net.URL`, or `Array`, the driver should pass it to the database as a value of the corresponding SQL type.

    Note that this method may be used to pass database-specific abstract data types.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the object containing the input parameter value
      `targetSqlType` - the SQL type (as defined in java.sql.Types) to be sent to the database. The scale argument may further qualify this type.
      `scaleOrLength` - for `java.sql.Types.DECIMAL` or `java.sql.Types.NUMERIC types`, this is the number of digits after the decimal point. For Java Object types `InputStream` and `Reader`, this is the length of the data in the stream or reader. For all other types, this value will be ignored.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or if the Java Object specified by x is an InputStream or Reader object and the value of the scale parameter is less than zero
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support the specified targetSqlType
    See Also:
      - `Types`

  - ### setAsciiStream

    void setAsciiStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, long length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream, which will have the specified number of bytes. When a very large ASCII value is input to a `LONGVARCHAR` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.InputStream`. Data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached. The JDBC driver will do any necessary conversion from ASCII to the database char format.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the Java input stream that contains the ASCII parameter value
      `length` - the number of bytes in the stream
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setBinaryStream

    void setBinaryStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x, long length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream, which will have the specified number of bytes. When a very large binary value is input to a `LONGVARBINARY` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.InputStream` object. The data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the java input stream which contains the binary parameter value
      `length` - the number of bytes in the stream
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setCharacterStream

    void setCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader reader, long length) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `Reader` object, which is the given number of characters long. When a very large UNICODE value is input to a `LONGVARCHAR` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.Reader` object. The data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached. The JDBC driver will do any necessary conversion from UNICODE to the database char format.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `reader` - the `java.io.Reader` object that contains the Unicode data
      `length` - the number of characters in the stream
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setAsciiStream

    void setAsciiStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream. When a very large ASCII value is input to a `LONGVARCHAR` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.InputStream`. Data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached. The JDBC driver will do any necessary conversion from ASCII to the database char format.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Note: Consult your JDBC driver documentation to determine if it might be more efficient to use a version of `setAsciiStream` which takes a length parameter.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the Java input stream that contains the ASCII parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setBinaryStream

    void setBinaryStream(int parameterIndex, InputStream x) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given input stream. When a very large binary value is input to a `LONGVARBINARY` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.InputStream` object. The data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Note: Consult your JDBC driver documentation to determine if it might be more efficient to use a version of `setBinaryStream` which takes a length parameter.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the java input stream which contains the binary parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setCharacterStream

    void setCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader reader) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to the given `Reader` object. When a very large UNICODE value is input to a `LONGVARCHAR` parameter, it may be more practical to send it via a `java.io.Reader` object. The data will be read from the stream as needed until end-of-file is reached. The JDBC driver will do any necessary conversion from UNICODE to the database char format.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Note: Consult your JDBC driver documentation to determine if it might be more efficient to use a version of `setCharacterStream` which takes a length parameter.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `reader` - the `java.io.Reader` object that contains the Unicode data
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setNCharacterStream

    void setNCharacterStream(int parameterIndex, Reader value) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object. The `Reader` reads the data till end-of-file is reached. The driver does the necessary conversion from Java character format to the national character set in the database.

    Note: This stream object can either be a standard Java stream object or your own subclass that implements the standard interface.

    Note: Consult your JDBC driver documentation to determine if it might be more efficient to use a version of `setNCharacterStream` which takes a length parameter.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `value` - the parameter value
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if the driver does not support national character sets; if the driver can detect that a data conversion error could occur; if a database access error occurs; or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setClob

    void setClob(int parameterIndex, Reader reader) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object. This method differs from the `setCharacterStream (int, Reader)` method because it informs the driver that the parameter value should be sent to the server as a `CLOB`. When the `setCharacterStream` method is used, the driver may have to do extra work to determine whether the parameter data should be sent to the server as a `LONGVARCHAR` or a `CLOB`

    Note: Consult your JDBC driver documentation to determine if it might be more efficient to use a version of `setClob` which takes a length parameter.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - index of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `reader` - An object that contains the data to set the parameter value to.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`or if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setBlob

    void setBlob(int parameterIndex, InputStream inputStream) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to a `InputStream` object. This method differs from the `setBinaryStream (int, InputStream)` method because it informs the driver that the parameter value should be sent to the server as a `BLOB`. When the `setBinaryStream` method is used, the driver may have to do extra work to determine whether the parameter data should be sent to the server as a `LONGVARBINARY` or a `BLOB`

    Note: Consult your JDBC driver documentation to determine if it might be more efficient to use a version of `setBlob` which takes a length parameter.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - index of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `inputStream` - An object that contains the data to set the parameter value to.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement,
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setNClob

    void setNClob(int parameterIndex, Reader reader) throws SQLException
    Sets the designated parameter to a `Reader` object. This method differs from the `setCharacterStream (int, Reader)` method because it informs the driver that the parameter value should be sent to the server as a `NCLOB`. When the `setCharacterStream` method is used, the driver may have to do extra work to determine whether the parameter data should be sent to the server as a `LONGNVARCHAR` or a `NCLOB`

    Note: Consult your JDBC driver documentation to determine if it might be more efficient to use a version of `setNClob` which takes a length parameter.

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - index of the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `reader` - An object that contains the data to set the parameter value to.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if the driver does not support national character sets; if the driver can detect that a data conversion error could occur; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support this method
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### setObject

    default void setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, SQLType targetSqlType, int scaleOrLength) throws SQLException

    Sets the value of the designated parameter with the given object. If the second argument is an `InputStream` then the stream must contain the number of bytes specified by scaleOrLength. If the second argument is a `Reader` then the reader must contain the number of characters specified by scaleOrLength. If these conditions are not true the driver will generate a `SQLException` when the prepared statement is executed.

    The given Java object will be converted to the given targetSqlType before being sent to the database. If the object has a custom mapping (is of a class implementing the interface `SQLData`), the JDBC driver should call the method `SQLData.writeSQL` to write it to the SQL data stream. If, on the other hand, the object is of a class implementing `Ref`, `Blob`, `Clob`, `NClob`, `Struct`, `java.net.URL`, or `Array`, the driver should pass it to the database as a value of the corresponding SQL type.

    Note that this method may be used to pass database-specific abstract data types.

    The default implementation will throw `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException`

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the object containing the input parameter value
      `targetSqlType` - the SQL type to be sent to the database. The scale argument may further qualify this type.
      `scaleOrLength` - for `java.sql.JDBCType.DECIMAL` or `java.sql.JDBCType.NUMERIC types`, this is the number of digits after the decimal point. For Java Object types `InputStream` and `Reader`, this is the length of the data in the stream or reader. For all other types, this value will be ignored.
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or if the Java Object specified by x is an InputStream or Reader object and the value of the scale parameter is less than zero
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support the specified targetSqlType
    Since:
      1.8
    See Also:
      - `JDBCType`
      - `SQLType`

  - ### setObject

    default void setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, SQLType targetSqlType) throws SQLException
    Sets the value of the designated parameter with the given object. This method is similar to `setObject(int parameterIndex, Object x, SQLType targetSqlType, int scaleOrLength)`, except that it assumes a scale of zero.

    The default implementation will throw `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException`

    Parameters:
      `parameterIndex` - the first parameter is 1, the second is 2, ...
      `x` - the object containing the input parameter value
      `targetSqlType` - the SQL type to be sent to the database
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if parameterIndex does not correspond to a parameter marker in the SQL statement; if a database access error occurs or this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement`
      `SQLFeatureNotSupportedException` - if the JDBC driver does not support the specified targetSqlType
    Since:
      1.8
    See Also:
      - `JDBCType`
      - `SQLType`

  - ### executeLargeUpdate

    default long executeLargeUpdate() throws SQLException
    Executes the SQL statement in this `PreparedStatement` object, which must be an SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) statement, such as `INSERT`, `UPDATE` or `DELETE`; or an SQL statement that returns nothing, such as a DDL statement.

    This method should be used when the returned row count may exceed `Integer.MAX_VALUE`.

    The default implementation will throw `UnsupportedOperationException`

    Returns:
      either (1) the row count for SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements or (2) 0 for SQL statements that return nothing
    Throws:
      `SQLException` - if a database access error occurs; this method is called on a closed `PreparedStatement` or the SQL statement returns a `ResultSet` object
      `SQLTimeoutException` - when the driver has determined that the timeout value that was specified by the `setQueryTimeout` method has been exceeded and has at least attempted to cancel the currently running `Statement`
    Since:
      1.8