# Class Rectangle

java.lang.Object
java.awt.geom.RectangularShape
java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D
java.awt.Rectangle

All Implemented Interfaces:
  `Shape, Serializable, Cloneable`

Direct Known Subclasses:
  `DefaultCaret`

public class Rectangle extends Rectangle2D implements Shape, Serializable
A `Rectangle` specifies an area in a coordinate space that is enclosed by the `Rectangle` object's upper-left point `(x,y)` in the coordinate space, its width, and its height.

A `Rectangle` object's `width` and `height` are `public` fields. The constructors that create a `Rectangle`, and the methods that can modify one, do not prevent setting a negative value for width or height.

A `Rectangle` whose width or height is exactly zero has location along those axes with zero dimension, but is otherwise considered empty. The `isEmpty()` method will return true for such a `Rectangle`. Methods which test if an empty `Rectangle` contains or intersects a point or rectangle will always return false if either dimension is zero. Methods which combine such a `Rectangle` with a point or rectangle will include the location of the `Rectangle` on that axis in the result as if the `add(Point)` method were being called.

A `Rectangle` whose width or height is negative has neither location nor dimension along those axes with negative dimensions. Such a `Rectangle` is treated as non-existent along those axes. Such a `Rectangle` is also empty with respect to containment calculations and methods which test if it contains or intersects a point or rectangle will always return false. Methods which combine such a `Rectangle` with a point or rectangle will ignore the `Rectangle` entirely in generating the result. If two `Rectangle` objects are combined and each has a negative dimension, the result will have at least one negative dimension.

Methods which affect only the location of a `Rectangle` will operate on its location regardless of whether or not it has a negative or zero dimension along either axis.

Note that a `Rectangle` constructed with the default no-argument constructor will have dimensions of `0x0` and therefore be empty. That `Rectangle` will still have a location of `(0,0)` and will contribute that location to the union and add operations. Code attempting to accumulate the bounds of a set of points should therefore initially construct the `Rectangle` with a specifically negative width and height or it should use the first point in the set to construct the `Rectangle`. For example:

        Rectangle bounds = new Rectangle(0, 0, -1, -1);
        for (int i = 0; i < points.length; i++) {
            bounds.add(points[i]);
        }

or if we know that the points array contains at least one point:

        Rectangle bounds = new Rectangle(points[0]);
        for (int i = 1; i < points.length; i++) {
            bounds.add(points[i]);
        }

This class uses 32-bit integers to store its location and dimensions. Frequently operations may produce a result that exceeds the range of a 32-bit integer. The methods will calculate their results in a way that avoids any 32-bit overflow for intermediate results and then choose the best representation to store the final results back into the 32-bit fields which hold the location and dimensions. The location of the result will be stored into the `x` and `y` fields by clipping the true result to the nearest 32-bit value. The values stored into the `width` and `height` dimension fields will be chosen as the 32-bit values that encompass the largest part of the true result as possible. Generally this means that the dimension will be clipped independently to the range of 32-bit integers except that if the location had to be moved to store it into its pair of 32-bit fields then the dimensions will be adjusted relative to the "best representation" of the location. If the true result had a negative dimension and was therefore non-existent along one or both axes, the stored dimensions will be negative numbers in those axes. If the true result had a location that could be represented within the range of 32-bit integers, but zero dimension along one or both axes, then the stored dimensions will be zero in those axes.

Since:
  1.0
See Also:
  - Serialized Form

- ## Nested Class Summary

  ### Nested classes/interfaces declared in class Rectangle2D

  `Rectangle2D.Double, Rectangle2D.Float`

- ## Field Summary

  Fields
  Modifier and Type
  Field
  Description
  `int`
  `height`
  The height of the `Rectangle`.
  `int`
  `width`
  The width of the `Rectangle`.
  `int`
  `x`
  The X coordinate of the upper-left corner of the `Rectangle`.
  `int`
  `y`
  The Y coordinate of the upper-left corner of the `Rectangle`.

  ### Fields declared in class Rectangle2D

  `OUT_BOTTOM, OUT_LEFT, OUT_RIGHT, OUT_TOP`

- ## Constructor Summary

  Constructors
  Constructor
  Description
  `Rectangle()`
  Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is at (0, 0) in the coordinate space, and whose width and height are both zero.
  `Rectangle(int width, int height)`
  Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is at (0, 0) in the coordinate space, and whose width and height are specified by the arguments of the same name.
  `Rectangle(int x, int y, int width, int height)`
  Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is specified as `(x,y)` and whose width and height are specified by the arguments of the same name.
  `Rectangle(Dimension d)`
  Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose top left corner is (0, 0) and whose width and height are specified by the `Dimension` argument.
  `Rectangle(Point p)`
  Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is the specified `Point`, and whose width and height are both zero.
  `Rectangle(Point p, Dimension d)`
  Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is specified by the `Point` argument, and whose width and height are specified by the `Dimension` argument.
  `Rectangle(Rectangle r)`
  Constructs a new `Rectangle`, initialized to match the values of the specified `Rectangle`.

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `void`
  `add(int newx, int newy)`
  Adds a point, specified by the integer arguments `newx,newy` to the bounds of this `Rectangle`.
  `void`
  `add(Point pt)`
  Adds the specified `Point` to the bounds of this `Rectangle`.
  `void`
  `add(Rectangle r)`
  Adds a `Rectangle` to this `Rectangle`.
  `boolean`
  `contains(int x, int y)`
  Checks whether or not this `Rectangle` contains the point at the specified location `(x,y)`.
  `boolean`
  `contains(int X, int Y, int W, int H)`
  Checks whether this `Rectangle` entirely contains the `Rectangle` at the specified location `(X,Y)` with the specified dimensions `(W,H)`.
  `boolean`
  `contains(Point p)`
  Checks whether or not this `Rectangle` contains the specified `Point`.
  `boolean`
  `contains(Rectangle r)`
  Checks whether or not this `Rectangle` entirely contains the specified `Rectangle`.
  `Rectangle2D`
  `createIntersection(Rectangle2D r)`
  Returns a new `Rectangle2D` object representing the intersection of this `Rectangle2D` with the specified `Rectangle2D`.
  `Rectangle2D`
  `createUnion(Rectangle2D r)`
  Returns a new `Rectangle2D` object representing the union of this `Rectangle2D` with the specified `Rectangle2D`.
  `boolean`
  `equals(Object obj)`
  Checks whether two rectangles are equal.
  `Rectangle`
  `getBounds()`
  Gets the bounding `Rectangle` of this `Rectangle`.
  `Rectangle2D`
  `getBounds2D()`
  Returns a high precision and more accurate bounding box of the `Shape` than the `getBounds` method.
  `double`
  `getHeight()`
  Returns the height of the bounding `Rectangle` in `double` precision.
  `Point`
  `getLocation()`
  Returns the location of this `Rectangle`.
  `Dimension`
  `getSize()`
  Gets the size of this `Rectangle`, represented by the returned `Dimension`.
  `double`
  `getWidth()`
  Returns the width of the bounding `Rectangle` in `double` precision.
  `double`
  `getX()`
  Returns the X coordinate of the bounding `Rectangle` in `double` precision.
  `double`
  `getY()`
  Returns the Y coordinate of the bounding `Rectangle` in `double` precision.
  `void`
  `grow(int h, int v)`
  Resizes the `Rectangle` both horizontally and vertically.
  `boolean`
  `inside(int X, int Y)`
  Deprecated.
  As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by `contains(int, int)`.
  `Rectangle`
  `intersection(Rectangle r)`
  Computes the intersection of this `Rectangle` with the specified `Rectangle`.
  `boolean`
  `intersects(Rectangle r)`
  Determines whether or not this `Rectangle` and the specified `Rectangle` intersect.
  `boolean`
  `isEmpty()`
  Determines whether the `RectangularShape` is empty.
  `void`
  `move(int x, int y)`
  Deprecated.
  As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by `setLocation(int, int)`.
  `int`
  `outcode(double x, double y)`
  Determines where the specified coordinates lie with respect to this `Rectangle2D`.
  `void`
  `reshape(int x, int y, int width, int height)`
  Deprecated.
  As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by `setBounds(int, int, int, int)`.
  `void`
  `resize(int width, int height)`
  Deprecated.
  As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by `setSize(int, int)`.
  `void`
  `setBounds(int x, int y, int width, int height)`
  Sets the bounding `Rectangle` of this `Rectangle` to the specified `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height`.
  `void`
  `setBounds(Rectangle r)`
  Sets the bounding `Rectangle` of this `Rectangle` to match the specified `Rectangle`.
  `void`
  `setLocation(int x, int y)`
  Moves this `Rectangle` to the specified location.
  `void`
  `setLocation(Point p)`
  Moves this `Rectangle` to the specified location.
  `void`
  `setRect(double x, double y, double width, double height)`
  Sets the bounds of this `Rectangle` to the integer bounds which encompass the specified `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height`.
  `void`
  `setSize(int width, int height)`
  Sets the size of this `Rectangle` to the specified width and height.
  `void`
  `setSize(Dimension d)`
  Sets the size of this `Rectangle` to match the specified `Dimension`.
  `String`
  `toString()`
  Returns a `String` representing this `Rectangle` and its values.
  `void`
  `translate(int dx, int dy)`
  Translates this `Rectangle` the indicated distance, to the right along the X coordinate axis, and downward along the Y coordinate axis.
  `Rectangle`
  `union(Rectangle r)`
  Computes the union of this `Rectangle` with the specified `Rectangle`.

  ### Methods declared in class Rectangle2D

  `add, add, add, contains, contains, getPathIterator, getPathIterator, hashCode, intersect, intersects, intersectsLine, intersectsLine, outcode, setFrame, setRect, union`

  ### Methods declared in class RectangularShape

  `clone, contains, contains, getCenterX, getCenterY, getFrame, getMaxX, getMaxY, getMinX, getMinY, intersects, setFrame, setFrame, setFrameFromCenter, setFrameFromCenter, setFrameFromDiagonal, setFrameFromDiagonal`

  ### Methods declared in class Object

  `finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

  ### Methods declared in interface Shape

  `contains, contains, contains, contains, getPathIterator, getPathIterator, intersects, intersects`

- ## Field Details

  - ### x

    public int x
    The X coordinate of the upper-left corner of the `Rectangle`.
    Since:
      1.0
    See Also:
      - `setLocation(int, int)`
      - `getLocation()`

  - ### y

    public int y
    The Y coordinate of the upper-left corner of the `Rectangle`.
    Since:
      1.0
    See Also:
      - `setLocation(int, int)`
      - `getLocation()`

  - ### width

    public int width
    The width of the `Rectangle`.
    Since:
      1.0
    See Also:
      - `setSize(int, int)`
      - `getSize()`

  - ### height

    public int height
    The height of the `Rectangle`.
    Since:
      1.0
    See Also:
      - `setSize(int, int)`
      - `getSize()`

- ## Constructor Details

  - ### Rectangle

    public Rectangle()
    Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is at (0, 0) in the coordinate space, and whose width and height are both zero.

  - ### Rectangle

    public Rectangle(Rectangle r)
    Constructs a new `Rectangle`, initialized to match the values of the specified `Rectangle`.
    Parameters:
      `r` - the `Rectangle` from which to copy initial values to a newly constructed `Rectangle`
    Since:
      1.1

  - ### Rectangle

    public Rectangle(int x, int y, int width, int height)
    Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is specified as `(x,y)` and whose width and height are specified by the arguments of the same name.
    Parameters:
      `x` - the specified X coordinate
      `y` - the specified Y coordinate
      `width` - the width of the `Rectangle`
      `height` - the height of the `Rectangle`
    Since:
      1.0

  - ### Rectangle

    public Rectangle(int width, int height)
    Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is at (0, 0) in the coordinate space, and whose width and height are specified by the arguments of the same name.
    Parameters:
      `width` - the width of the `Rectangle`
      `height` - the height of the `Rectangle`

  - ### Rectangle

    public Rectangle(Point p, Dimension d)
    Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is specified by the `Point` argument, and whose width and height are specified by the `Dimension` argument.
    Parameters:
      `p` - a `Point` that is the upper-left corner of the `Rectangle`
      `d` - a `Dimension`, representing the width and height of the `Rectangle`

  - ### Rectangle

    public Rectangle(Point p)
    Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose upper-left corner is the specified `Point`, and whose width and height are both zero.
    Parameters:
      `p` - a `Point` that is the top left corner of the `Rectangle`

  - ### Rectangle

    public Rectangle(Dimension d)
    Constructs a new `Rectangle` whose top left corner is (0, 0) and whose width and height are specified by the `Dimension` argument.
    Parameters:
      `d` - a `Dimension`, specifying width and height

- ## Method Details

  - ### getX

    public double getX()
    Returns the X coordinate of the bounding `Rectangle` in `double` precision.
    Specified by:
      `getX` in class `RectangularShape`
    Returns:
      the X coordinate of the bounding `Rectangle`.

  - ### getY

    public double getY()
    Returns the Y coordinate of the bounding `Rectangle` in `double` precision.
    Specified by:
      `getY` in class `RectangularShape`
    Returns:
      the Y coordinate of the bounding `Rectangle`.

  - ### getWidth

    public double getWidth()
    Returns the width of the bounding `Rectangle` in `double` precision.
    Specified by:
      `getWidth` in class `RectangularShape`
    Returns:
      the width of the bounding `Rectangle`.

  - ### getHeight

    public double getHeight()
    Returns the height of the bounding `Rectangle` in `double` precision.
    Specified by:
      `getHeight` in class `RectangularShape`
    Returns:
      the height of the bounding `Rectangle`.

  - ### getBounds

    public Rectangle getBounds()
    Gets the bounding `Rectangle` of this `Rectangle`.

    This method is included for completeness, to parallel the `getBounds` method of `Component`.

    Specified by:
      `getBounds` in interface `Shape`
    Overrides:
      `getBounds` in class `RectangularShape`
    Returns:
      a new `Rectangle`, equal to the bounding `Rectangle` for this `Rectangle`.
    Since:
      1.1
    See Also:
      - `Component.getBounds()`
      - `setBounds(Rectangle)`
      - `setBounds(int, int, int, int)`

  - ### getBounds2D

    public Rectangle2D getBounds2D()
    Returns a high precision and more accurate bounding box of the `Shape` than the `getBounds` method. Note that there is no guarantee that the returned `Rectangle2D` is the smallest bounding box that encloses the `Shape`, only that the `Shape` lies entirely within the indicated `Rectangle2D`. The bounding box returned by this method is usually tighter than that returned by the `getBounds` method and never fails due to overflow problems since the return value can be an instance of the `Rectangle2D` that uses double precision values to store the dimensions.

    Note that the definition of insideness can lead to situations where points on the defining outline of the `shape` may not be considered contained in the returned `bounds` object, but only in cases where those points are also not considered contained in the original `shape`.

    If a `point` is inside the `shape` according to the `contains(point)` method, then it must be inside the returned `Rectangle2D` bounds object according to the `contains(point)` method of the `bounds`. Specifically:

    `shape.contains(p)` requires `bounds.contains(p)`

    If a `point` is not inside the `shape`, then it might still be contained in the `bounds` object:

    `bounds.contains(p)` does not imply `shape.contains(p)`

    Specified by:
      `getBounds2D` in interface `Shape`
    Overrides:
      `getBounds2D` in class `Rectangle2D`
    Returns:
      an instance of `Rectangle2D` that is a high-precision bounding box of the `Shape`.
    Since:
      1.2
    See Also:
      - `Shape.getBounds()`

  - ### setBounds

    public void setBounds(Rectangle r)
    Sets the bounding `Rectangle` of this `Rectangle` to match the specified `Rectangle`.

    This method is included for completeness, to parallel the `setBounds` method of `Component`.

    Parameters:
      `r` - the specified `Rectangle`
    Since:
      1.1
    See Also:
      - `getBounds()`
      - `Component.setBounds(java.awt.Rectangle)`

  - ### setBounds

    public void setBounds(int x, int y, int width, int height)
    Sets the bounding `Rectangle` of this `Rectangle` to the specified `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height`.

    This method is included for completeness, to parallel the `setBounds` method of `Component`.

    Parameters:
      `x` - the new X coordinate for the upper-left corner of this `Rectangle`
      `y` - the new Y coordinate for the upper-left corner of this `Rectangle`
      `width` - the new width for this `Rectangle`
      `height` - the new height for this `Rectangle`
    Since:
      1.1
    See Also:
      - `getBounds()`
      - `Component.setBounds(int, int, int, int)`

  - ### setRect

    public void setRect(double x, double y, double width, double height)
    Sets the bounds of this `Rectangle` to the integer bounds which encompass the specified `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height`. If the parameters specify a `Rectangle` that exceeds the maximum range of integers, the result will be the best representation of the specified `Rectangle` intersected with the maximum integer bounds.
    Specified by:
      `setRect` in class `Rectangle2D`
    Parameters:
      `x` - the X coordinate of the upper-left corner of the specified rectangle
      `y` - the Y coordinate of the upper-left corner of the specified rectangle
      `width` - the width of the specified rectangle
      `height` - the new height of the specified rectangle

  - ### reshape

    @Deprecated public void reshape(int x, int y, int width, int height)
    Deprecated.
    As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by `setBounds(int, int, int, int)`.
    Sets the bounding `Rectangle` of this `Rectangle` to the specified `x`, `y`, `width`, and `height`.
    Parameters:
      `x` - the new X coordinate for the upper-left corner of this `Rectangle`
      `y` - the new Y coordinate for the upper-left corner of this `Rectangle`
      `width` - the new width for this `Rectangle`
      `height` - the new height for this `Rectangle`

  - ### getLocation

    public Point getLocation()
    Returns the location of this `Rectangle`.

    This method is included for completeness, to parallel the `getLocation` method of `Component`.

    Returns:
      the `Point` that is the upper-left corner of this `Rectangle`.
    Since:
      1.1
    See Also:
      - `Component.getLocation()`
      - `setLocation(Point)`
      - `setLocation(int, int)`

  - ### setLocation

    public void setLocation(Point p)
    Moves this `Rectangle` to the specified location.

    This method is included for completeness, to parallel the `setLocation` method of `Component`.

    Parameters:
      `p` - the `Point` specifying the new location for this `Rectangle`
    Since:
      1.1
    See Also:
      - `Component.setLocation(java.awt.Point)`
      - `getLocation()`

  - ### setLocation

    public void setLocation(int x, int y)
    Moves this `Rectangle` to the specified location.

    This method is included for completeness, to parallel the `setLocation` method of `Component`.

    Parameters:
      `x` - the X coordinate of the new location
      `y` - the Y coordinate of the new location
    Since:
      1.1
    See Also:
      - `getLocation()`
      - `Component.setLocation(int, int)`

  - ### move

    @Deprecated public void move(int x, int y)
    Deprecated.
    As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by `setLocation(int, int)`.
    Moves this `Rectangle` to the specified location.
    Parameters:
      `x` - the X coordinate of the new location
      `y` - the Y coordinate of the new location

  - ### translate

    public void translate(int dx, int dy)
    Translates this `Rectangle` the indicated distance, to the right along the X coordinate axis, and downward along the Y coordinate axis.
    Parameters:
      `dx` - the distance to move this `Rectangle` along the X axis
      `dy` - the distance to move this `Rectangle` along the Y axis
    See Also:
      - `setLocation(int, int)`
      - `setLocation(java.awt.Point)`

  - ### getSize

    public Dimension getSize()
    Gets the size of this `Rectangle`, represented by the returned `Dimension`.

    This method is included for completeness, to parallel the `getSize` method of `Component`.

    Returns:
      a `Dimension`, representing the size of this `Rectangle`.
    Since:
      1.1
    See Also:
      - `Component.getSize()`
      - `setSize(Dimension)`
      - `setSize(int, int)`

  - ### setSize

    public void setSize(Dimension d)
    Sets the size of this `Rectangle` to match the specified `Dimension`.

    This method is included for completeness, to parallel the `setSize` method of `Component`.

    Parameters:
      `d` - the new size for the `Dimension` object
    Since:
      1.1
    See Also:
      - `Component.setSize(java.awt.Dimension)`
      - `getSize()`

  - ### setSize

    public void setSize(int width, int height)
    Sets the size of this `Rectangle` to the specified width and height.

    This method is included for completeness, to parallel the `setSize` method of `Component`.

    Parameters:
      `width` - the new width for this `Rectangle`
      `height` - the new height for this `Rectangle`
    Since:
      1.1
    See Also:
      - `Component.setSize(int, int)`
      - `getSize()`

  - ### resize

    @Deprecated public void resize(int width, int height)
    Deprecated.
    As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by `setSize(int, int)`.
    Sets the size of this `Rectangle` to the specified width and height.
    Parameters:
      `width` - the new width for this `Rectangle`
      `height` - the new height for this `Rectangle`

  - ### contains

    public boolean contains(Point p)
    Checks whether or not this `Rectangle` contains the specified `Point`.
    Parameters:
      `p` - the `Point` to test
    Returns:
      `true` if the specified `Point` is inside this `Rectangle`; `false` otherwise.
    Since:
      1.1

  - ### contains

    public boolean contains(int x, int y)
    Checks whether or not this `Rectangle` contains the point at the specified location `(x,y)`.
    Parameters:
      `x` - the specified X coordinate
      `y` - the specified Y coordinate
    Returns:
      `true` if the point `(x,y)` is inside this `Rectangle`; `false` otherwise.
    Since:
      1.1

  - ### contains

    public boolean contains(Rectangle r)
    Checks whether or not this `Rectangle` entirely contains the specified `Rectangle`.
    Parameters:
      `r` - the specified `Rectangle`
    Returns:
      `true` if the `Rectangle` is contained entirely inside this `Rectangle`; `false` otherwise
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### contains

    public boolean contains(int X, int Y, int W, int H)
    Checks whether this `Rectangle` entirely contains the `Rectangle` at the specified location `(X,Y)` with the specified dimensions `(W,H)`.
    Parameters:
      `X` - the specified X coordinate
      `Y` - the specified Y coordinate
      `W` - the width of the `Rectangle`
      `H` - the height of the `Rectangle`
    Returns:
      `true` if the `Rectangle` specified by `(X, Y, W, H)` is entirely enclosed inside this `Rectangle`; `false` otherwise.
    Since:
      1.1

  - ### inside

    @Deprecated public boolean inside(int X, int Y)
    Deprecated.
    As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by `contains(int, int)`.
    Checks whether or not this `Rectangle` contains the point at the specified location `(X,Y)`.
    Parameters:
      `X` - the specified X coordinate
      `Y` - the specified Y coordinate
    Returns:
      `true` if the point `(X,Y)` is inside this `Rectangle`; `false` otherwise.

  - ### intersects

    public boolean intersects(Rectangle r)
    Determines whether or not this `Rectangle` and the specified `Rectangle` intersect. Two rectangles intersect if their intersection is nonempty.
    Parameters:
      `r` - the specified `Rectangle`
    Returns:
      `true` if the specified `Rectangle` and this `Rectangle` intersect; `false` otherwise.

  - ### intersection

    public Rectangle intersection(Rectangle r)
    Computes the intersection of this `Rectangle` with the specified `Rectangle`. Returns a new `Rectangle` that represents the intersection of the two rectangles. If the two rectangles do not intersect, the result will be an empty rectangle.
    Parameters:
      `r` - the specified `Rectangle`
    Returns:
      the largest `Rectangle` contained in both the specified `Rectangle` and in this `Rectangle`; or if the rectangles do not intersect, an empty rectangle.

  - ### union

    public Rectangle union(Rectangle r)
    Computes the union of this `Rectangle` with the specified `Rectangle`. Returns a new `Rectangle` that represents the union of the two rectangles.

    If either `Rectangle` has any dimension less than zero the rules for non-existent rectangles apply. If only one has a dimension less than zero, then the result will be a copy of the other `Rectangle`. If both have dimension less than zero, then the result will have at least one dimension less than zero.

    If the resulting `Rectangle` would have a dimension too large to be expressed as an `int`, the result will have a dimension of `Integer.MAX_VALUE` along that dimension.

    Parameters:
      `r` - the specified `Rectangle`
    Returns:
      the smallest `Rectangle` containing both the specified `Rectangle` and this `Rectangle`.

  - ### add

    public void add(int newx, int newy)
    Adds a point, specified by the integer arguments `newx,newy` to the bounds of this `Rectangle`.

    If this `Rectangle` has any dimension less than zero, the rules for non-existent rectangles apply. In that case, the new bounds of this `Rectangle` will have a location equal to the specified coordinates and width and height equal to zero.

    After adding a point, a call to `contains` with the added point as an argument does not necessarily return `true`. The `contains` method does not return `true` for points on the right or bottom edges of a `Rectangle`. Therefore, if the added point falls on the right or bottom edge of the enlarged `Rectangle`, `contains` returns `false` for that point. If the specified point must be contained within the new `Rectangle`, a 1x1 rectangle should be added instead:

            r.add(new Rectangle(newx, newy, 1, 1));

    Parameters:
      `newx` - the X coordinate of the new point
      `newy` - the Y coordinate of the new point

  - ### add

    public void add(Point pt)
    Adds the specified `Point` to the bounds of this `Rectangle`.

    If this `Rectangle` has any dimension less than zero, the rules for non-existent rectangles apply. In that case, the new bounds of this `Rectangle` will have a location equal to the coordinates of the specified `Point` and width and height equal to zero.

    After adding a `Point`, a call to `contains` with the added `Point` as an argument does not necessarily return `true`. The `contains` method does not return `true` for points on the right or bottom edges of a `Rectangle`. Therefore if the added `Point` falls on the right or bottom edge of the enlarged `Rectangle`, `contains` returns `false` for that `Point`. If the specified point must be contained within the new `Rectangle`, a 1x1 rectangle should be added instead:

            r.add(new Rectangle(pt, new Dimension(1, 1)));

    Parameters:
      `pt` - the new `Point` to add to this `Rectangle`

  - ### add

    public void add(Rectangle r)
    Adds a `Rectangle` to this `Rectangle`. The resulting `Rectangle` is the union of the two rectangles.

    If either `Rectangle` has any dimension less than 0, the result will have the dimensions of the other `Rectangle`. If both `Rectangle`s have at least one dimension less than 0, the result will have at least one dimension less than 0.

    If either `Rectangle` has one or both dimensions equal to 0, the result along those axes with 0 dimensions will be equivalent to the results obtained by adding the corresponding origin coordinate to the result rectangle along that axis, similar to the operation of the `add(Point)` method, but contribute no further dimension beyond that.

    If the resulting `Rectangle` would have a dimension too large to be expressed as an `int`, the result will have a dimension of `Integer.MAX_VALUE` along that dimension.

    Parameters:
      `r` - the specified `Rectangle`

  - ### grow

    public void grow(int h, int v)
    Resizes the `Rectangle` both horizontally and vertically.

    This method modifies the `Rectangle` so that it is `h` units larger on both the left and right side, and `v` units larger at both the top and bottom.

    The new `Rectangle` has `(x - h, y - v)` as its upper-left corner, width of `(width + 2h)`, and a height of `(height + 2v)`.

    If negative values are supplied for `h` and `v`, the size of the `Rectangle` decreases accordingly. The `grow` method will check for integer overflow and underflow, but does not check whether the resulting values of `width` and `height` grow from negative to non-negative or shrink from non-negative to negative.

    Parameters:
      `h` - the horizontal expansion
      `v` - the vertical expansion

  - ### isEmpty

    public boolean isEmpty()
    Determines whether the `RectangularShape` is empty. When the `RectangularShape` is empty, it encloses no area.
    Specified by:
      `isEmpty` in class `RectangularShape`
    Returns:
      `true` if the `RectangularShape` is empty; `false` otherwise.
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### outcode

    public int outcode(double x, double y)
    Determines where the specified coordinates lie with respect to this `Rectangle2D`. This method computes a binary OR of the appropriate mask values indicating, for each side of this `Rectangle2D`, whether or not the specified coordinates are on the same side of the edge as the rest of this `Rectangle2D`.
    Specified by:
      `outcode` in class `Rectangle2D`
    Parameters:
      `x` - the specified X coordinate
      `y` - the specified Y coordinate
    Returns:
      the logical OR of all appropriate out codes.
    Since:
      1.2
    See Also:
      - `Rectangle2D.OUT_LEFT`
      - `Rectangle2D.OUT_TOP`
      - `Rectangle2D.OUT_RIGHT`
      - `Rectangle2D.OUT_BOTTOM`

  - ### createIntersection

    public Rectangle2D createIntersection(Rectangle2D r)
    Returns a new `Rectangle2D` object representing the intersection of this `Rectangle2D` with the specified `Rectangle2D`.
    Specified by:
      `createIntersection` in class `Rectangle2D`
    Parameters:
      `r` - the `Rectangle2D` to be intersected with this `Rectangle2D`
    Returns:
      the largest `Rectangle2D` contained in both the specified `Rectangle2D` and in this `Rectangle2D`.
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### createUnion

    public Rectangle2D createUnion(Rectangle2D r)
    Returns a new `Rectangle2D` object representing the union of this `Rectangle2D` with the specified `Rectangle2D`.
    Specified by:
      `createUnion` in class `Rectangle2D`
    Parameters:
      `r` - the `Rectangle2D` to be combined with this `Rectangle2D`
    Returns:
      the smallest `Rectangle2D` containing both the specified `Rectangle2D` and this `Rectangle2D`.
    Since:
      1.2

  - ### equals

    public boolean equals(Object obj)
    Checks whether two rectangles are equal.

    The result is `true` if and only if the argument is not `null` and is a `Rectangle` object that has the same upper-left corner, width, and height as this `Rectangle`.

    Overrides:
      `equals` in class `Rectangle2D`
    Parameters:
      `obj` - the `Object` to compare with this `Rectangle`
    Returns:
      `true` if the objects are equal; `false` otherwise.
    See Also:
      - `Object.hashCode()`
      - `HashMap`

  - ### toString

    public String toString()
    Returns a `String` representing this `Rectangle` and its values.
    Overrides:
      `toString` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      a `String` representing this `Rectangle` object's coordinate and size values.