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<chapter>
  <header>
    <copyright>
      <year>2004</year><year>2016</year>
      <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <legalnotice>
      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
      you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
      You may obtain a copy of the License at
 
          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

      Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
      distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
      See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
      limitations under the License.

    </legalnotice>

    <title>External Configuration Data</title>
    <prepared>Siri Hansen, Peter Andersson</prepared>
    <docno></docno>
    <date></date>
    <rev></rev>
    <file>config_file_chapter.xml</file>
  </header>

    <marker id="top"></marker>

  <section>
    <title>General</title>

    <p>To avoid hard-coding data values related to the test and/or System
    Under Test (SUT) in the test suites, the data can instead be specified through
    configuration files or strings that <c>Common Test</c> reads before
    the start of a test run. External configuration data makes it possible to
    change test properties without modifying the test suites
    using the data. Examples of configuration data follows:</p>

    <list type="bulleted">
      <item>Addresses to the test plant or other instruments</item>
      <item>User login information</item>
      <item>Names of files needed by the test</item>
      <item>Names of programs to be executed during the test</item>
      <item>Any other variable needed by the test</item>
    </list>

  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Syntax</title>

    <p>A configuration file can contain any number of elements of the type:</p>
    <pre>
 {CfgVarName,Value}.</pre>

    <p>where</p>
    <pre>
 CfgVarName = atom()
 Value = term() | [{CfgVarName,Value}]</pre>

  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Requiring and Reading Configuration Data</title>
    <marker id="require_config_data"></marker>

    <p>In a test suite, one must <em>require</em> that a configuration 
    variable (<c>CfgVarName</c> in the previous definition) exists before
    attempting to read the associated value in a test case or configuration function.</p>

    <p><c>require</c> is an assert statement, which can be part of the <seeguide
    marker="write_test_chapter#suite">Test Suite Information Function</seeguide> or
    <seeguide marker="write_test_chapter#info_function">Test Case Information
    Function</seeguide>. If the required variable is unavailable, the
    test is skipped (unless a default value has been specified, see section
    <seeguide marker="write_test_chapter#info_function">Test Case Information
    Function</seeguide> for details). Also, function
    <seemfa marker="ct#require/1"><c>ct:require/1/2</c></seemfa> can be called 
    from a test case to check if a specific variable is available. The return 
    value from this function must be checked explicitly and appropriate 
    action be taken depending on the result (for example, to skip the test case
    if the variable in question does not exist).</p>

    <p>A <c>require</c> statement in the test suite information case or test case 
    information-list is to look like
    <c>{require,CfgVarName}</c> or <c>{require,AliasName,CfgVarName}</c>.
    The arguments <c>AliasName</c> and <c>CfgVarName</c> are the same as the
    arguments to <seemfa marker="ct#require/1"><c>ct:require/1,2</c></seemfa>. 
    <c>AliasName</c> becomes an alias for the configuration variable,
    and can be used as reference to the configuration data value.
    The configuration variable can be associated with any
    number of alias names, but each name must be unique within
    the same test suite. The two main uses for alias names follows:</p>
    <list type="bulleted">
      <item>To identify connections (described later).</item>
      <item>To help adapt configuration data to a test suite 
        (or test case) and improve readability.</item>
    </list>
    <p>To read the value of a configuration variable, use function
    <seemfa marker="ct#get_config/1"><c>get_config/1,2,3</c></seemfa>.
    </p>
    <p><em>Example:</em></p>
    <pre>
 suite() -> 
     [{require, domain, 'CONN_SPEC_DNS_SUFFIX'}].

 ...

 testcase(Config) ->
     Domain = ct:get_config(domain),
     ...</pre>      
  </section>

  <section>
  <title>Using Configuration Variables Defined in Multiple Files</title>
    <p>If a configuration variable is defined in multiple files and you 
      want to access all possible values, use function
      <seemfa marker="ct#get_config/3"><c>ct:get_config/3</c></seemfa>
      and specify <c>all</c> in the options list. The values are then
      returned in a list and the order of the elements corresponds to the order 
      that the configuration files were specified at startup.</p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Encrypted Configuration Files</title>
    <marker id="encrypted_config_files"></marker>
      <p>Configuration files containing sensitive data can be encrypted 
      if they must be stored in open and shared directories.</p> 
       <p>To have <c>Common Test</c> encrypt a
      specified file using function <c>DES3</c> in application <c>Crypto</c>,
      call <seemfa marker="ct#encrypt_config_file/2"><c>ct:encrypt_config_file/2,3</c></seemfa>
      The encrypted file can then be used as a regular configuration file
      in combination with other encrypted files or normal text files. However, the 
      key for decrypting the configuration file must be provided when running the test.
      This can be done with flag/option <c>decrypt_key</c> or
      <c>decrypt_file</c>, or a key file in a predefined location.</p>
      
      <p><c>Common Test</c> also provides decryption functions, 
      <seemfa marker="ct#decrypt_config_file/2"><c>ct:decrypt_config_file/2,3</c></seemfa>, 
      for recreating the original text files.</p> 
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Opening Connections Using Configuration Data</title>
    <p>Two different methods for opening a connection using the support functions 
       in, for example, <seeerl marker="ct_ssh"><c>ct_ssh</c></seeerl>, 
       <seeerl marker="ct_ftp"><c>ct_ftp</c></seeerl>, and 
    <seeerl marker="ct_telnet"><c>ct_telnet</c></seeerl> follows:</p>
    <list type="bulleted">
      <item>Using a configuration target name (an alias) as reference.</item>
      <item>Using the configuration variable as reference.</item>
    </list>    
    <p>When a target name is used for referencing the configuration data
      (that specifies the connection to be opened), the same name can be used 
      as connection identity in all subsequent calls related to the connection
      (also for closing it). Only one open connection per target name 
      is possible. If you attempt to open a new connection using a name
      already associated with an open connection, <c>Common Test</c>
      returns the already existing handle so the previously opened connection
      is used. This feature makes it possible to
      call the function for opening a particular connection whenever 
      useful. An action like this does not necessarily open any new 
      connections unless it is required (which could be the case if, for example,
      the previous connection has been closed unexpectedly by the server).
      Using named connections also removes the need to pass handle references 
      around in the suite for these connections.
    </p>
    <p>When a configuration variable name is used as reference to the data
      specifying the connection, the handle returned as a result of opening
      the connection must be used in all subsequent calls (also for closing
      the connection). Repeated calls to the open function with the same
      variable name as reference results in multiple connections being opened. 
      This can be useful, for example, if a test case needs to open
      multiple connections to the same server on the target node (using the
      same configuration data for each connection).
    </p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>User-Specific Configuration Data Formats</title>

    <p>The user can specify configuration data on a
      different format than key-value tuples in a text file, as described
      so far. The data can, for example, be read from any files, fetched from
      the web over HTTP, or requested from a user-specific process.
      To support this, <c>Common Test</c> provides a callback module plugin
      mechanism to handle configuration data.</p>

    <section>
      <title>Default Callback Modules for Handling Configuration Data</title>
      <p><c>Common Test</c> includes default callback modules
	for handling configuration data specified in standard configuration files
	(described earlier) and in XML files as follows:</p>
      <list type="bulleted">
        <item>
          <c>ct_config_plain</c> - for reading configuration files with
          key-value tuples (standard format). This handler is used to
          parse configuration files if no user callback is specified.
        </item>
        <item>
          <c>ct_config_xml</c> - for reading configuration data from XML
          files.
        </item>
      </list>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Using XML Configuration Files</title>
      <p>An example of an XML configuration file follows:</p>
      <pre>
 <![CDATA[
 <config>
    <ftp_host>
        <ftp>"targethost"</ftp>
        <username>"tester"</username>
        <password>"letmein"</password>
    </ftp_host>
    <lm_directory>"/test/loadmodules"</lm_directory>
 </config>]]></pre>

      <p>Once read, this file produces the same configuration
      variables as the following text file:</p>
      <pre>
 {ftp_host, [{ftp,"targethost"},
             {username,"tester"},
             {password,"letmein"}]}.

 {lm_directory, "/test/loadmodules"}.</pre>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Implement a User-Specific Handler</title>

      <p>The user-specific handler can be written to handle special
	configuration file formats. The parameter can be either file
	names or configuration strings (the empty list is valid).</p>

      <p>The callback module implementing the handler is responsible for
	checking the correctness of configuration strings.</p>

      <p>To validate the configuration strings, the callback module
	is to have function <c>Callback:check_parameter/1</c> exported.</p>

       <p>The input argument is passed from <c>Common Test</c>, as defined in the test
	specification, or specified as an option to <c>ct_run</c> or <c>ct:run_test</c>.</p>

      <p>The return value is to be any of the following values, indicating if the specified
	configuration parameter is valid:</p>
      <list type="bulleted">
        <item>
          <c>{ok, {file, FileName}}</c> - the parameter is a file name and
          the file exists.
        </item>
        <item>
          <c>{ok, {config, ConfigString}}</c> - the parameter is a configuration string
          and it is correct.
        </item>
        <item>
          <c>{error, {nofile, FileName}}</c> - there is no file with the specified
          name in the current directory.
        </item>
        <item>
          <c>{error, {wrong_config, ConfigString}}</c> - the configuration string
          is wrong.
        </item>
      </list>

      <p>The function <c>Callback:read_config/1</c> is to be exported from the 
         callback module to read configuration data, initially before the tests
         start, or as a result of data being reloaded during test execution.
         The input argument is the same as for function <c>check_parameter/1</c>.</p>

      <p>The return value is to be either of the following:</p>

      <list type="bulleted">
        <item>
          <c>{ok, Config}</c> - if the configuration variables are read successfully.
        </item>
        <item>
          <c>{error, {Error, ErrorDetails}}</c> - if the callback module fails to
          proceed with the specified configuration parameters.
        </item>
      </list>
      <p><c>Config</c> is the proper Erlang key-value list, with possible
	key-value sublists as values, like the earlier configuration file
	example:</p>

      <pre>
 [{ftp_host, [{ftp, "targethost"}, {username, "tester"}, {password, "letmein"}]},
  {lm_directory, "/test/loadmodules"}]</pre>

    </section>

  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Examples of Configuration Data Handling</title>

    <p>A configuration file for using the FTP client to access files on a remote
      host can look as follows:</p>

    <pre>
 {ftp_host, [{ftp,"targethost"},
	     {username,"tester"},
	     {password,"letmein"}]}.

 {lm_directory, "/test/loadmodules"}.</pre>

    <p>The XML version shown earlier can also be used, but it is to be
    explicitly specified that the <c>ct_config_xml</c> callback module is to be
    used by <c>Common Test</c>.</p>

    <p>The following is an example of how to assert that the configuration data is available
      and can be used for an FTP session:</p>
    <pre>
 init_per_testcase(ftptest, Config) ->
     {ok,_} = ct_ftp:open(ftp),
     Config.

 end_per_testcase(ftptest, _Config) ->
     ct_ftp:close(ftp).

 ftptest() ->
     [{require,ftp,ftp_host},
      {require,lm_directory}].

 ftptest(Config) ->
     Remote = filename:join(ct:get_config(lm_directory), "loadmodX"),
     Local = filename:join(?config(priv_dir,Config), "loadmodule"),
     ok = ct_ftp:recv(ftp, Remote, Local),
     ...</pre>
    
    <p>The following is an example of how the functions in the previous example 
       can be rewritten if it is necessary to open multiple connections to the 
       FTP server:</p>
    <pre>
 init_per_testcase(ftptest, Config) ->
     {ok,Handle1} = ct_ftp:open(ftp_host),
     {ok,Handle2} = ct_ftp:open(ftp_host),
     [{ftp_handles,[Handle1,Handle2]} | Config].

 end_per_testcase(ftptest, Config) ->
     lists:foreach(fun(Handle) -> ct_ftp:close(Handle) end, 
                   ?config(ftp_handles,Config)).

 ftptest() ->
     [{require,ftp_host},
      {require,lm_directory}].

 ftptest(Config) ->
     Remote = filename:join(ct:get_config(lm_directory), "loadmodX"),
     Local = filename:join(?config(priv_dir,Config), "loadmodule"),
     [Handle | MoreHandles] = ?config(ftp_handles,Config),
     ok = ct_ftp:recv(Handle, Remote, Local),
     ...</pre>
      
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Example of User-Specific Configuration Handler</title>
    <p>A simple configuration handling driver, asking an external server for
      configuration data, can be implemented as follows:</p>
    <pre>
 -module(config_driver).
 -export([read_config/1, check_parameter/1]).

 read_config(ServerName)->
     ServerModule = list_to_atom(ServerName),
     ServerModule:start(),
     ServerModule:get_config().

 check_parameter(ServerName)->
     ServerModule = list_to_atom(ServerName),
     case code:is_loaded(ServerModule) of
         {file, _}->
             {ok, {config, ServerName}};
         false->
             case code:load_file(ServerModule) of
                 {module, ServerModule}->
                     {ok, {config, ServerName}};
                 {error, nofile}->
                     {error, {wrong_config, "File not found: " ++ ServerName ++ ".beam"}}
             end
     end.</pre>

    <p>The configuration string for this driver can be <c>config_server</c>, if the
      <c>config_server.erl</c> module that follows is compiled and exists in the code path
      during test execution:</p>
    <pre>
 -module(config_server).
 -export([start/0, stop/0, init/1, get_config/0, loop/0]).

 -define(REGISTERED_NAME, ct_test_config_server).

 start()->
     case whereis(?REGISTERED_NAME) of
         undefined->
             spawn(?MODULE, init, [?REGISTERED_NAME]),
             wait();
         _Pid->
         ok
     end,
     ?REGISTERED_NAME.

 init(Name)->
     register(Name, self()),
     loop().

 get_config()->
     call(self(), get_config).

 stop()->
     call(self(), stop).

 call(Client, Request)->
     case whereis(?REGISTERED_NAME) of
         undefined->
             {error, {not_started, Request}};
         Pid->
             Pid ! {Client, Request},
             receive
                 Reply->
                     {ok, Reply}
             after 4000->
                 {error, {timeout, Request}}
             end
     end.

 loop()->
     receive
         {Pid, stop}->
             Pid ! ok;
         {Pid, get_config}->
             {D,T} = erlang:localtime(),
             Pid !
                 [{localtime, [{date, D}, {time, T}]},
                  {node, erlang:node()},
                  {now, erlang:now()},
                  {config_server_pid, self()},
                  {config_server_vsn, ?vsn}],
             ?MODULE:loop()
     end.

 wait()->
     case whereis(?REGISTERED_NAME) of
         undefined->
             wait();
         _Pid->
             ok
     end.</pre>

    <p>Here, the handler also provides for dynamically reloading of
      configuration variables. If 
      <seemfa marker="ct#reload_config/1"><c>ct:reload_config(localtime)</c></seemfa> is called from
      the test case function, all variables loaded with <c>config_driver:read_config/1</c>
      are updated with their latest values, and the new value for variable
      <c>localtime</c> is returned.</p>
  </section>

</chapter>


