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<chapter>
  <header>
    <copyright>
      <year>2002</year><year>2016</year>
      <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <legalnotice>
      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
      you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
      You may obtain a copy of the License at
 
          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

      Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
      distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
      See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
      limitations under the License.
    
    </legalnotice>

    <title>Trace Tool Builder</title>
    <prepared></prepared>
    <docno></docno>
    <date></date>
    <rev></rev>
    <file>ttb_ug.xml</file>
  </header>

  <section>
    <title>Introduction</title>
    <p>Trace Tool Builder is a base for building trace tools for
      single node or distributed Erlang systems. It requires the
      Runtime_Tools application to be available on the traced
      node.
      </p>
    <p>The following are the main features of Trace Tool Builder:</p>
    <list type="bulleted">
      <item>Start tracing to file ports on many nodes with one
       function call.</item>
      <item>Write more information to a trace information file,
       which is read during formatting.</item>
      <item>Restore previous configuration by maintaining a
       history buffer and handling configuration files.</item>
      <item>Provide some simple support for sequential tracing.</item>
      <item>Format binary trace logs and merge logs from
       multiple nodes.</item>
    </list>
    <p>The intention of Trace Tool Builder is to serve
      as a base for tailor-made trace tools, but it can also be used directly
      from the Erlang shell (it can mimic <c>dbg</c> behaviour while
      still providing useful additions, such as match specification shortcuts).
      Trace Tool Builder only allows the use of file port tracer, so to use 
      other types of trace clients it is better to use <c>dbg</c> directly.</p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Getting Started</title>
    <p>Module <c>ttb</c> is the interface to all functions in
      Trace Tool Builder.</p>
      <p>To get started, the least you need to do is to
      start a tracer with 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#tracer/0"><c>ttb:tracer/0,1,2</c></seemfa>, 
      and set the required
      trace flags on the processes you want to trace with 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#p/2"><c>ttb:p/2</c></seemfa>.</p>
      <p>When the tracing is completed, stop the tracer with 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#stop/0"><c>ttb:stop/0,1</c></seemfa> 
      and format the trace log with 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#format/1"><c>ttb:format/1,2</c></seemfa> 
      (if there is anything to format).
      </p>
      <p><em>Useful functions:</em></p>
      <taglist>
       <tag><c>ttb:tracer/0,1,2</c></tag>
       <item><p>Opens a trace port on each node to be traced. By default, 
       trace messages are written to binary files on remote nodes (the 
       binary trace log).</p></item>
       <tag><c>ttb:p/2</c></tag>
       <item><p>Specifies the processes to be traced. Trace flags specified 
       in this call specify what to trace on each process. This function can be 
       called many times if you like different trace flags to be set on different 
       processes.</p></item>
       <tag><c>ttb:tp/2,3,4</c> or <c>ttb:tpl/2,3,4</c></tag>
       <item><p>If you want to trace function calls (that is, if you have
      trace flag <c>call</c> set on any process), you must
      also set trace patterns on the required function(s) with
      <seemfa marker="ttb#tp/2"><c>ttb:tp/2,3,4</c></seemfa> or
      <seemfa marker="ttb#tpl/2"><c>ttb:tpl/2,3,4</c></seemfa>.
      A function is only traced 
      if it has a trace pattern. The trace pattern specifies how to trace the
      function by using match specifications. Match specifications are
      described in the 
      <seeguide marker="erts:index">ERTS User's Guide</seeguide>.</p></item>
       <tag><c>ttb:stop/0,1</c></tag>
       <item><p>Stops tracing on all nodes, deletes all trace patterns, and 
       flushes the trace port buffer.</p></item>
       <tag><c>ttb:format/1/2</c></tag>
       <item><p>Translates the binary trace logs into something readable. 
       By default, <c>ttb</c> presents each trace message as a line of text, 
       but you can also write your own handler to make more complex interpretations 
       of the trace information. A trace log can also be presented graphically 
       with application Event Tracer (ET).</p>
       <p>If option <c>format</c> is specified to <c>ttb:stop/1</c>, the formatting 
       is automatically done when stopping <c>ttb</c>.</p></item>
     </taglist>
  
    <section>
      <title>Tracing Local Node from Erlang Shell</title>
      <p>The following small module is used in the subsequent example:</p>
      <code type="none">
-module(m).
-export([f/0]).
f() ->
   receive 
      From when is_pid(From) ->
         Now = erlang:now(),
         From ! {self(),Now}
   end.      </code>
      <p>The following example shows the basic use of <c>ttb</c> from
        the Erlang shell. Default options are used both for starting the
        tracer and for formatting (the custom fetch directory is however provided).
        This gives a trace log named <c>Node-ttb</c> in the newly created
        directory, where <c>Node</c> is the node name. The
        default handler prints the formatted trace messages in the
        shell:</p>
      <pre>
(tiger@durin)47> %% First I spawn a process running my test function
(tiger@durin)47> <input>Pid = spawn(m,f,[]).</input>
&lt;0.125.0>
(tiger@durin)48> 
(tiger@durin)48> %% Then I start a tracer...
(tiger@durin)48> <input>ttb:tracer().</input>
{ok,[tiger@durin]}
(tiger@durin)49> 
(tiger@durin)49> %% and activate the new process for tracing
(tiger@durin)49> %% function calls and sent messages.
(tiger@durin)49> <input>ttb:p(Pid,[call,send]).</input>
{ok,[{&lt;0.125.0>,[{matched,tiger@durin,1}]}]}
(tiger@durin)50> 
(tiger@durin)50> %% Here I set a trace pattern on erlang:now/0
(tiger@durin)50> %% The trace pattern is a simple match spec
(tiger@durin)50> %% indicating that the return value should be
(tiger@durin)50> %% traced. Refer to the reference_manual for
(tiger@durin)50> %% the full list of match spec shortcuts
(tiger@durin)50> %% available.
(tiger@durin)51> <input>ttb:tp(erlang,now,return).</input>
{ok,[{matched,tiger@durin,1},{saved,1}]}
(tiger@durin)52> 
(tiger@durin)52> %% I run my test (i.e. send a message to
(tiger@durin)52> %% my new process)
(tiger@durin)52> <input>Pid ! self().</input>
&lt;0.72.0>
(tiger@durin)53> 
(tiger@durin)53> %% And then I have to stop ttb in order to flush
(tiger@durin)53> %% the trace port buffer
(tiger@durin)53> <input>ttb:stop([return, {fetch_dir, "fetch"}]).</input>
{stopped, "fetch"}
(tiger@durin)54> 
(tiger@durin)54> %% Finally I format my trace log
(tiger@durin)54> <input>ttb:format("fetch").</input>
({&lt;0.125.0>,{m,f,0},tiger@durin}) call erlang:now()
({&lt;0.125.0>,{m,f,0},tiger@durin}) returned from erlang:now/0 ->
{1031,133451,667611}
({&lt;0.125.0>,{m,f,0},tiger@durin}) &lt;0.72.0> !
{&lt;0.125.0>,{1031,133451,667611}}
ok</pre>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Build Your Own Tool</title>
      <p>The following example shows a simple tool for "debug tracing",
        that is, tracing of function calls with return values:</p>
      <code type="none"><![CDATA[
-module(mydebug).
-export([start/0,trc/1,stop/0,format/1]).
-export([print/4]).
%% Include ms_transform.hrl so that I can use dbg:fun2ms/2 to
%% generate match specifications.
-include_lib("stdlib/include/ms_transform.hrl").
%%% -------------Tool API-------------
%%% ----------------------------------
%%% Star the "mydebug" tool
start() ->
    %% The options specify that the binary log shall be named
    %% <Node>-debug_log and that the print/4 function in this
    %% module shall be used as format handler
    ttb:tracer(all,[{file,"debug_log"},{handler,{{?MODULE,print},0}}]),
    %% All processes (existing and new) shall trace function calls
    %% We want trace messages to be sorted upon format, which requires
    %% timestamp flag. The flag is however enabled by default in ttb.
    ttb:p(all,call).

%%% Set trace pattern on function(s)
trc(M) when is_atom(M) ->
    trc({M,'_','_'});
trc({M,F}) when is_atom(M), is_atom(F) ->
    trc({M,F,'_'});
trc({M,F,_A}=MFA) when is_atom(M), is_atom(F) ->
    %% This match spec shortcut specifies that return values shall
    %% be traced.
    MatchSpec = dbg:fun2ms(fun(_) -> return_trace() end),
    ttb:tpl(MFA,MatchSpec).

%%% Format a binary trace log
format(Dir) ->
    ttb:format(Dir).

%%% Stop the "mydebug" tool
stop() ->
    ttb:stop(return).

%%% --------Internal functions--------
%%% ----------------------------------
%%% Format handler
print(_Out,end_of_trace,_TI,N) ->
    N;
print(Out,Trace,_TI,N) ->
    do_print(Out,Trace,N),
    N+1.

do_print(Out,{trace_ts,P,call,{M,F,A},Ts},N) ->
    io:format(Out,
              "~w: ~w, ~w:~n"
              "Call      : ~w:~w/~w~n"
              "Arguments :~p~n~n",
              [N,Ts,P,M,F,length(A),A]);
do_print(Out,{trace_ts,P,return_from,{M,F,A},R,Ts},N) ->
    io:format(Out,
              "~w: ~w, ~w:~n"
              "Return from  : ~w:~w/~w~n"
              "Return value :~p~n~n",
              [N,Ts,P,M,F,A,R]).      ]]></code>
      <p>To distinguish trace logs produced with this tool from other
        logs, option <c>file</c> is used in 
	<seemfa marker="ttb#tracer/2"><c>tracer/2</c></seemfa>. The
        logs are therefore fetched to a directory named
        <c>ttb_upload_debug_log-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS</c>
      </p>
      <p>By using option <c>handler</c> when starting the tracer,
        the information about how to format the file is stored in the
        trace information file (<c>.ti</c>). This is not necessary, as
        it can be specified when formatting instead. However, It can
        be useful if you, for example, want to format trace logs automatically 
	using option <c>format</c> in <c>ttb:stop/1</c>. Also, you do not need 
	any knowledge of the content of a binary log to format it the way it 
	is intended. If option <c>handler</c> is specified both when starting 
	the tracer and when formatting, the one specified when formatting is used.
        </p>
      <p>Trace flag <c>call</c> is set on all processes. This
        means that any function activated with command <c>trc/1</c>
        is traced on all existing and new processes.
        </p>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Running Trace Tool Builder against Remote Node</title>
    <p>The Observer application might not always be available on the
      node to be traced (in the following called the "traced
      node"). However, Trace Tool Builder can still be run from
      another node (in the following called the "trace control node") as
      long as the following is fulfilled:
      </p>
    <list type="bulleted">
      <item>The Observer application is available on the trace control node.</item>
      <item>The Runtime_Tools application is available on both the
       trace control node and the traced node.</item>
    </list>
    <p>If Trace Tool Builder is to be used against a remote node,
      it is highly recommended to start the trace control node as
      <em>hidden</em>. This way it can connect to the traced node
      without being "seen" by it, that is, if the <c>nodes()</c>
      BIF is called on the traced node, the trace control node does not
      show. To start a hidden node, add option <c>-hidden</c> to the
      <c>erl</c> command, for example:</p>
    <pre>
% <input>erl -sname trace_control -hidden</input></pre>

    <section>
      <title>Diskless Node</title>
      <p>If the traced node is diskless, <c>ttb</c> must be started from
        a trace control node with disk access, and option <c>file</c>
        must be specified to function <c>tracer/2</c> with value
        <c>{local, File}</c>, for example:</p>
      <pre>
(trace_control@durin)1> <input>ttb:tracer(mynode@diskless,
                                   {file,{local,{wrap,"mytrace"}}}).</input>
{ok,[mynode@diskless]}</pre>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>More Tracing Options</title>
    <p>When setting up a trace, the following features can also be activated:</p>
      <list type="bulleted">
        <item>Time-constrained tracing</item>
        <item>Overload protection</item>
        <item>Autoresume</item>
	<item><c>dbg</c> mode</item>
      </list>
      <section>
        <title>Time-Constrained Tracing</title>
        <p>It can sometimes be helpful to enable trace for a
          specified period of time (for example, to monitor a system for 24 hours
          or half a second). This can be done with option
          <c>{timer, TimerSpec}</c>. If <c>TimerSpec</c> has the
          form of <c>MSec</c>, the trace is stopped after <c>MSec</c>
          milliseconds using 
	  <seemfa marker="ttb#stop/0"><c>ttb:stop/0</c></seemfa>. If more 
	  options are provided (<c>TimerSpec = {MSec, Opts}</c>), 
	  <seemfa marker="ttb#stop/1"><c>ttb:stop/1</c></seemfa>
          is called instead with <c>Opts</c> as argument.</p>
	  <p>The timer is started with 
	  <seemfa marker="ttb#p/2"><c>ttb:p/2</c></seemfa>, so any trace patterns 
	  must be set up in advance. 
	  <seemfa marker="ttb#start_trace/4"><c>ttb:start_trace/4</c></seemfa>
          always sets up all patterns before invoking <c>ttb:p/2</c>.</p>
          <p>The following example shows how to set up a trace that is
          automatically stopped and formatted after 5 seconds:
        </p><pre>
(tiger@durin)1> <input>ttb:start_trace([node()],
                                [{erlang, now,[]}],
                                {all, call},
                                [{timer, {5000, format}}]).</input></pre>
	<note><p>Because of network and processing delays, the period
          of tracing is approximate.</p></note>

        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Overload Protection</title>
          <p>When tracing live systems, always take special care to not
            overload a node with too heavy tracing. <c>ttb</c> provides
            option <c>overload</c> to address this problem.</p>
          <p><c>{overload, MSec, Module, Function}</c> instructs the <c>ttb</c> back end
            (a part of the <seeapp marker="runtime_tools:index">Runtime_Tools</seeapp>
            application) to perform overload check every <c>MSec</c> millisecond.
            If the check (named <c>Module:Function(check)</c>) returns
            <c>true</c>, tracing is disabled on the selected node.</p>
          <p>Overload protection activated on one node does not
            affect other nodes, where the tracing continues as normal.
            <c>ttb:stop/0,1</c> fetches data from all clients, including everything
            collected before the activation of overload protection.</p>

	  <note><p>
            It is not allowed to change trace details 
	    (with <c>ttb:p</c> and <c>ttb:tp/tpl...</c>) once overload 
	    protection is activated in one of the traced nodes. This is to 
	    avoid trace setup being inconsistent between nodes.</p></note>

          <p><c>Module:Function</c> provided with option <c>overload</c> must
            handle three calls: <c>init</c>, <c>check</c>, and <c>stop</c>. <c>init</c>
            and <c>stop</c> allow some setup and teardown required by
            the check. An overload check module can look as follows:
          </p><code type="none">
-module(overload).
-export([check/1]).

check(init) ->
    Pid = sophisticated_module:start(),
    put(pid, Pid);
check(check) ->
    get(pid) ! is_overloaded,
    receive
        Reply ->
            Reply
    after 5000 ->
            true
    end;
check(stop) ->
    get(pid) ! stop.</code>
    <note><p>
            <c>check</c> is always called by the same process, so <c>put</c> and
            <c>get</c> are possible.</p></note>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>Autoresume</title>
          <p>A node can crash (probably a buggy one, hence traced).
	    Use <c>resume</c> to resume tracing on the node automatically 
	    when it gets back. The failing node then tries to reconnect
            to trace control node when <c>Runtime_Tools</c> is started.
            This implies that <c>Runtime_Tools</c> must be included in
            the startup chain of other nodes (if not, you can still
            resume tracing by starting <c>Runtime_Tools</c> manually,
            that is, by an RPC call).</p>
          <p>To not lose the data that the failing node stored
            up to the point of crash, the control node tries to fetch
            it before restarting trace. This must occur within the allowed
            time frame, otherwise it is aborted (default is 10 seconds, but it
	    can be changed with <c>{resume, MSec}</c>). The data fetched 
	    this way is then merged with all other traces.</p>
          <p>The autostart feature requires more data to be stored on
            traced nodes. By default, the data is stored automatically
            to the file named "ttb_autostart.bin" in the currect working directory
	    (cwd) of the traced node.
            Users can change this behaviour (that is, on diskless
            nodes) by specifying their own module to handle autostart data
            storage and retrieval (<c>ttb_autostart_module</c>
            environment variable of <c>runtime_tools</c>). For information 
	    about the API, see module
	    <seeerl marker="ttb"><c>ttb</c></seeerl>. 
	    The following example shows the default handler:</p>
          <code>
-module(ttb_autostart).
-export([read_config/0,
         write_config/1,
         delete_config/0]).

-define(AUTOSTART_FILENAME, "ttb_autostart.bin").

delete_config() ->
    file:delete(?AUTOSTART_FILENAME).

read_config() ->
    case file:read_file(?AUTOSTART_FILENAME) of
        {ok, Data} -> {ok, binary_to_term(Data)};
        Error      -> Error
    end.

write_config(Data) ->
    file:write_file(?AUTOSTART_FILENAME, term_to_binary(Data)).</code>

         <note><p>Remember that file trace ports buffer the data
            by default. If the node crashes, trace messages are not
            flushed to the binary log. If the risk of failure is
            high, it can be a good idea to flush the buffers every 
	    now and then automatically. Passing <c>{flush, MSec}</c>
            as an option of <c>ttb:tracer/2</c> flushes all buffers
            every <c>MSec</c> millisecond.</p></note>
        </section>
        <section>
          <title>dbg Mode</title>
          <p>Option <c>{shell, ShellType}</c> allows making <c>ttb</c>
            operation similar to 
            <seeerl marker="runtime_tools:dbg"><c>dbg</c></seeerl>.
	    Using <c>{shell, true}</c>
            displays all trace messages in the shell before storing them.
            <c>{shell, only}</c> additionally disables message storage
            (making the tool to behave exactly like <c>dbg</c>). This is 
	    allowed only with IP trace ports (<c>{trace, {local, File}}</c>).
          </p>
          <p>Command <c>ttb:tracer(dbg)</c> is a shortcut for the pure
	  <c>dbg</c> mode (<c>{shell, only}</c>).</p>
        </section>
  </section>

  <section>
    <marker id="trace_info"></marker>
    <title>Trace Information and File .ti</title>
    <p>In addition to the trace log file(s), a file with extension
      <c>.ti</c> is created when Trace Tool Builder is started. This
      is the trace information file. It is a binary file, which
      contains the process information, trace flags used, the name of
      the node to which it belongs, and all information written with
      function 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#write_trace_info/2"><c>ttb:write_trace_info/2</c></seemfa>. 
      <c>.ti</c> files are always fetched with other logs when the trace is stopped.
    </p>
    <p>Except for the process information, everything in the trace
      information file is passed on to the handler function when
      formatting. Parameter <c>TI</c> is a list of
      <c>{Key,ValueList}</c> tuples. The keys <c>flags</c>,
      <c>handler</c>, <c>file</c>, and <c>node</c> are used for
      information written directly by <c>ttb</c>.
      </p>
    <p>Information to the trace information file by
      can be added by calling 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#write_trace_info/2"><c>ttb:write_trace_info/2</c></seemfa>. 
      Notice that <c>ValueList</c>
      always is a list, and if you call <c>write_trace_info/2</c>
      many times with the same <c>Key</c>, the <c>ValueList</c> is
      extended with a new value each time.
      </p>
      <p><em>Example:</em></p>
    <p><c>ttb:write_trace_info(mykey,1)</c> gives the entry
      <c>{mykey,[1]}</c> in <c>TI</c>. Another call,
      <c>ttb:write_trace_info(mykey,2)</c>, changes this entry to
      <c>{mykey,[1,2]}</c>.
      </p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Wrap Logs</title>
    <p>If you want to limit the size of the trace logs, you can use
      wrap logs. This works almost like a circular buffer. You can
      specify the maximum number of binary logs and the maximum size of
      each log. <c>ttb</c> then creates a new binary log each time a log
      reaches the maximum size. When the maximum number of logs are
      reached, the oldest log is deleted before a new one is created.
    </p>
    <note><p>The overall size of data generated by <c>ttb</c> can be greater
      than the wrap specification suggests. If a traced node restarts
      and autoresume is enabled, the old wrap log is always stored and
      a new one is created.
    </p></note>
    <p>Wrap logs can be formatted one by one or all at once. See
      <seeguide marker="#format">Formatting</seeguide>.
      </p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <marker id="format"></marker>
    <title>Formatting</title>
    <p>Formatting can be done automatically when stopping <c>ttb</c>
      (see section
      <seeguide marker="#fetch_format">Automatically Collect and Format Logs from All Nodes</seeguide>), or explicitly by calling function
      <c>ttb:format/1,2</c>.
      </p>
    <p>Formatting means to read a binary log and present it in a
      readable format. You can use the default format handler in
      <c>ttb</c> to present each trace message as a line of text, or
      write your own handler to make more complex interpretations of the
      trace information. You can also use application ET to
      present the trace log graphically (see section
      <seeguide marker="#et_viewer">Presenting Trace Logs with Event Tracer</seeguide>).
      </p>
    <p>The first argument to <c>ttb:format/1,2</c> specifies which
      binary log(s) to format. This is usually the name of a directory
      that <c>ttb</c> created during log fetch. Unless option 
      <c>disable_sort</c> is provided, the logs from different files 
      are always sorted according to time-stamp in traces.
      </p>
    <p>The second argument to <c>ttb:format/2</c> is a list of
      options as follows:
      </p>
      <taglist>
       <tag><c>out</c></tag>
       <item><p>Specifies the destination to write the formatted text. 
       Default destination is <c>standard_io</c>, but a filename can 
       also be specified.</p></item>
       <tag><c>handler</c></tag>
       <item><p>Specifies the format handler to use. If this option is 
       not specified, option <c>handler</c> that is specified when starting
      the tracer is used. If option <c>handler</c> is not specified
      when starting the tracer either, a default handler is used, which
      prints each trace message as a text line.</p></item>
       <tag><c>disable_sort</c></tag>
       <item><p>Indicates that the logs are not to be merged according to
      time-stamp, but processed one file after another (this can be
      a bit faster).</p></item>
     </taglist>
    <p>A format handler is a fun taking four arguments. This fun is
      called for each trace message in the binary log(s). A simple
      example that only prints each trace message can be as follows:</p>
    <code type="none">
fun(Fd, Trace, _TraceInfo, State) ->
   io:format(Fd, "Trace: ~p~n", [Trace]),
   State
end.    </code>
    <p>Here, <c>Fd</c> is the file descriptor for the destination file, or
      the atom <c>standard_io</c>. <c>_TraceInfo</c> contains information
      from the trace information file (see section
      <seeguide marker="#trace_info">Trace Information and File .ti</seeguide>). <c>State</c> is a state variable for the format
      handler fun. The initial value of variable <c>State</c> is
      specified with the handler option, for example:</p>
    <code type="none">
ttb:format("tiger@durin-ttb", [{handler, {{Mod,Fun}, initial_state}}])
                                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^    </code>
    <p>Another format handler can be used to calculate the time spent by
      the garbage collector:</p>
    <code type="none">
fun(_Fd,{trace_ts,P,gc_start,_Info,StartTs},_TraceInfo,State) ->
      [{P,StartTs}|State];
   (Fd,{trace_ts,P,gc_end,_Info,EndTs},_TraceInfo,State) ->
      {value,{P,StartTs}} = lists:keysearch(P,1,State),
      Time = diff(StartTs,EndTs),
      io:format("GC in process ~w: ~w milliseconds~n", [P,Time]),
      State -- [{P,StartTs}]
end    </code>
    <p>A more refined version of this format handler is function
      <c>handle_gc/4</c> in module <c>multitrace.erl</c>
      included in directory <c>src</c> of the Observer application.
      </p>
    <p>The trace message is passed as the second argument (<c>Trace</c>).
      The possible values of <c>Trace</c> are the following:</p>
      <list type="bulleted">
        <item>All trace messages described in 
	<seemfa marker="erts:erlang#trace/3"><c>erlang:trace/3</c></seemfa>
        </item>
        <item><c>{drop, N}</c> if IP tracer is used (see 
	<seemfa marker="runtime_tools:dbg#trace_port/2"><c>dbg:trace_port/2</c></seemfa>)
        </item>
        <item><c>end_of_trace</c> received once when all trace messages are
          processed</item>
      </list>
    <p>By giving the format handler 
    <seemfa marker="ttb#get_et_handler/0"><c>ttb:get_et_handler()</c></seemfa>, 
    you can have the trace
      log presented graphically with <c>et_viewer</c> in the ET
      application (see section
      <seeguide marker="#et_viewer">Presenting Trace Logs with Event Tracer</seeguide>).
    </p>
    <p>You can always decide not to format the whole trace data contained
      in the fetch directory, but analyze single files instead. To do so, 
      a single file (or list of files) must be passed as the first argument 
      to <c>format/1,2</c>.</p>
    <p>Wrap logs can be formatted one by one or all at once. To
      format one of the wrap logs in a set, specify the exact file name. 
      To format the whole set of wrap logs, specify the name with <c>*</c>
      instead of the wrap count.
      </p>
      <p><em>Example:</em></p>
    <p>Start tracing:</p>
    <pre>
(tiger@durin)1> <input>ttb:tracer(node(),{file,{wrap,"trace"}}).</input>
{ok,[tiger@durin]}
(tiger@durin)2> <input>ttb:p(...)</input>
...</pre>
    <p>This gives a set of binary logs, for example:</p>
    <code type="none">
tiger@durin-trace.0.wrp
tiger@durin-trace.1.wrp
tiger@durin-trace.2.wrp
...    </code>
    <p>Format the whole set of logs:</p>
    <pre>
1> <input>ttb:format("tiger@durin-trace.*.wrp").</input>
....
ok
2>    </pre>
    <p>Format only the first log:</p>
    <pre>
1> <input>ttb:format("tiger@durin-trace.0.wrp").</input>
....
ok
2>    </pre>
    <p>To merge all wrap logs from two nodes:</p>
    <pre>
1> <input>ttb:format(["tiger@durin-trace.*.wrp","lion@durin-trace.*.wrp"]).</input>
....
ok
2>    </pre>

    <section>
      <marker id="et_viewer"></marker>
      <title>Presenting Trace Logs with Event Tracer</title>
      <p>For detailed information about the Event Tracer, see the
      <seeguide marker="et:index">ET</seeguide> application.
        </p>
      <p>By giving the format handler 
        <seemfa marker="ttb#get_et_handler/0"><c>ttb:get_et_handler()</c></seemfa>, 
        you can have the trace log presented graphically with 
	<c>et_viewer</c> in the ET application.
	<c>ttb</c> provides filters that can be selected from the 
	menu <em>Filter</em> in the <c>et_viewer</c> window. The filters 
	are names according to the type of actors they present 
	(that is, what each vertical line in the sequence diagram represents). 
	Interaction between actors is shown as red arrows between two 
	vertical lines, and activities within an actor are shown as 
	blue text to the right of the actors line.
        </p>
      <p>The <c>processes</c> filter is the only filter showing all 
        trace messages from a trace log. Each vertical line in
        the sequence diagram represents a process. Erlang messages,
        spawn, and link/unlink are typical interactions between
        processes. Function calls, scheduling, and garbage collection, 
	are typical activities within a process. <c>processes</c> is 
	the default filter.
        </p>
      <p>The remaining filters only show function calls and
        function returns. All other trace message are discarded. To get
        the most out of these filters, <c>et_viewer</c> must know
        the caller of each function and the time of return. This can be
        obtained using both the <c>call</c> and <c>return_to</c>
        flags when tracing. Notice that flag <c>return_to</c> only
        works with local call trace, that is, when trace patterns are set
        with <c>ttb:tpl</c>.
        </p>
      <p>The same result can be obtained by using the flag <c>call</c>
        only and setting a match specification on local or
        global function calls as follows:</p>
      <pre>
1> <input>dbg:fun2ms(fun(_) -> return_trace(),message(caller()) end).</input>
[{'_',[],[{return_trace},{message,{caller}}]}]</pre>
      <p>This must however be done with care, as function
        <c>{return_trace}</c> in the match specification
        destroys tail recursiveness.
        </p>
      <p>The <c>modules</c> filter shows each module as a vertical
        line in the sequence diagram. External function calls/returns
        are shown as interactions between modules, and internal function
        calls/returns are shown as activities within a module.
        </p>
      <p>The <c>functions</c> filter shows each function as a vertical
        line in the sequence diagram. A function calling itself is shown
        as an activity within a function, and all other function calls
        are shown as interactions between functions.
        </p>
      <p>The <c>mods_and_procs</c> and <c>funcs_and_procs</c> filters
        are equivalent to the <c>modules</c> and <c>functions</c>
        filters respectively, except that each module or function can
        have many vertical lines, one for each process it resides on.
        </p>
      <p>In the following example, modules <c>foo</c> and <c>bar</c> are used:</p>
      <code type="none">
-module(foo).
-export([start/0,go/0]).

start() ->
    spawn(?MODULE, go, []).

go() ->
    receive
        stop ->
            ok;
        go ->
            bar:f1(),
            go()
    end.</code>

<code type="none">
-module(bar).
-export([f1/0,f3/0]).
f1() ->
    f2(),
    ok.
f2() ->
    spawn(?MODULE,f3,[]).
f3() ->
    ok.</code>

      <p>Setting up the trace:</p>
<pre>
(tiger@durin)1> %%First we retrieve the Pid to limit traced processes set
(tiger@durin)1> <input>Pid = foo:start().</input>
(tiger@durin)2> %%Now we set up tracing
(tiger@durin)2> <input>ttb:tracer().</input>
(tiger@durin)3> <input>ttb:p(Pid, [call, return_to, procs, set_on_spawn]).</input>
(tiger@durin)4> <input>ttb:tpl(bar, []).</input>
(tiger@durin)5> %%Invoke our test function and see output with et viewer
(tiger@durin)5> <input>Pid ! go.</input>
(tiger@durin)6> <input>ttb:stop({format, {handler, ttb:get_et_handler()}}).</input></pre>

      <p>This renders a result similar to the following:
        </p>
      <image file="et_processes.gif">
        <icaption>Filter: "processes"</icaption>
      </image>
      <p></p>
      <image file="et_modsprocs.gif">
        <icaption>Filter: "mods_and_procs"</icaption>
      </image>

      <p>Notice that function 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#start_trace/4"><c>ttb:start_trace/4</c></seemfa> 
      can be used as help as follows:</p>
<pre>
(tiger@durin)1> <input>Pid = foo:start().</input>
(tiger@durin)2> <input>ttb:start_trace([node()],
                                [{bar,[]}],
                                {Pid, [call, return_to, procs, set_on_spawn]}
                                {handler, ttb:get_et_handler()}).</input>
(tiger@durin)3> <input>Pid ! go.</input>
(tiger@durin)4> <input>ttb:stop(format).</input></pre>

    </section>
  </section>

  <section>
    <marker id="fetch_format"></marker>
    <title>Automatically Collect and Format Logs from All Nodes</title>
    <p>By default,

    <seemfa marker="ttb#stop/1"><c>ttb:stop/1</c></seemfa> fetches trace logs 
      and trace information files from all nodes. The logs are stored in a
      new directory named <c>ttb_upload-Filename-Timestamp</c> under the 
      working directory of the trace control node. Fetching can be disabled 
      by providing option <c>nofetch</c> to <c>ttb:stop/1</c>. The user can
      specify a fetch directory by passing option <c>{fetch_dir, Dir}</c>.
      </p>
    <p>If option <c>format</c> is specified to <c>ttb:stop/1</c>, the
      trace logs are automatically formatted after tracing is
      stopped.
    </p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>History and Configuration Files</title>
    <p>For the tracing functionality,
      <seeerl marker="runtime_tools:dbg"><c>dbg</c></seeerl>
      can be used instead
      of <c>ttb</c> for setting trace flags on processes and trace
      patterns for call trace, that is, the functions 
      <c>p</c>, <c>tp</c>, <c>tpl</c>, <c>ctp</c>, <c>ctpl</c>, and <c>ctpg</c>. Only the
      following two things are added by <c>ttb</c> for these functions:</p>
      <list type="bulleted">
        <item>All calls are stored in the history buffer and can be
          recalled and stored in a configuration file. This makes it
          easy to set up the same trace environment, for example, if you 
	  want to compare two test runs. It also reduces the amount of
          typing when using <c>ttb</c> from the Erlang shell.</item>
        <item>Shortcuts are provided for the most common match
          specifications (to not force you to use
          <seemfa marker="runtime_tools:dbg#fun2ms/1"><c>dbg:fun2ms</c></seemfa> 
	  continually).</item>
      </list>
    <p>Use 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#list_history/0"><c>ttb:list_history/0</c></seemfa> 
      to see the content of the history buffer and 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#run_history/1"><c>ttb:run_history/1</c></seemfa>
      to re-execute one of the entries.
      </p>
    <p>The main purpose of the history buffer is the possibility to
      create configuration files. Any function stored in the history
      buffer can be written to a configuration file and used for
      creating a specific configuration at any time with a single
      function call.
      </p>
    <p>A configuration file is created or extended with
      <seemfa marker="ttb#write_config/2"><c>ttb:write_config/2,3</c></seemfa>. 
      Configuration files are binary files
      and can therefore only be read and written with functions provided
      by <c>ttb</c>.
      </p>
    <p>The complete content of the history buffer can be written to a
      configuration file by calling
      <c>ttb:write_config(ConfigFile,all)</c>. Selected entries from 
      the history can be written by calling
      <c>ttb:write_config(ConfigFile,NumList)</c>, where
      <c>NumList</c> is a list of integers pointing out the history
      entries to write. Moreover, the history buffer is always dumped
      to <c>ttb_last_config</c> when <c>ttb:stop/0,1</c> is called.
      </p>
    <p>User-defined entries can also be written to a configuration file 
      by calling function
      <c>ttb:write_config(ConfigFile,ConfigList)</c>, where
      <c>ConfigList</c> is a list of <c>{Module,Function,Args}</c>.
      </p>
    <p>Any existing file <c>ConfigFile</c> is deleted and a new file
      is created when <c>write_config/2</c> is called. Option
      <c>append</c> can be used to add something at the end
      of an existing configuration file, for example,
      <c>ttb:write_config(ConfigFile,What,[append])</c>.
      </p>

      <p><em>Example:</em></p>
      <p>See the content of the history buffer:</p>
      <pre>
(tiger@durin)191> <input>ttb:tracer().</input>
{ok,[tiger@durin]}
(tiger@durin)192> <input>ttb:p(self(),[garbage_collection,call]).</input>
{ok,{[&lt;0.1244.0>],[garbage_collection,call]}}
(tiger@durin)193> <input>ttb:tp(ets,new,2,[]).</input>
{ok,[{matched,1}]}
(tiger@durin)194> <input>ttb:list_history().</input>
[{1,{ttb,tracer,[tiger@durin,[]]}},
 {2,{ttb,p,[&lt;0.1244.0>,[garbage_collection,call]]}},
 {3,{ttb,tp,[ets,new,2,[]]}}]</pre>
      <p>Execute an entry from the history buffer:</p>
      <pre>
(tiger@durin)195> <input>ttb:ctp(ets,new,2).</input>
{ok,[{matched,1}]}
(tiger@durin)196> <input>ttb:list_history().</input>
[{1,{ttb,tracer,[tiger@durin,[]]}},
 {2,{ttb,p,[&lt;0.1244.0>,[garbage_collection,call]]}},
 {3,{ttb,tp,[ets,new,2,[]]}},
 {4,{ttb,ctp,[ets,new,2]}}]
(tiger@durin)197> <input>ttb:run_history(3).</input>
ttb:tp(ets,new,2,[]) ->
{ok,[{matched,1}]}</pre>
      <p>Write the content of the history buffer to a configuration
        file:</p>
      <pre>
(tiger@durin)198> <input>ttb:write_config("myconfig",all).</input>
ok
(tiger@durin)199> <input>ttb:list_config("myconfig").</input>
[{1,{ttb,tracer,[tiger@durin,[]]}},
 {2,{ttb,p,[&lt;0.1244.0>,[garbage_collection,call]]}},
 {3,{ttb,tp,[ets,new,2,[]]}},
 {4,{ttb,ctp,[ets,new,2]}},
 {5,{ttb,tp,[ets,new,2,[]]}}]</pre>
      <p>Extend an existing configuration:</p>
      <pre>
(tiger@durin)200> <input>ttb:write_config("myconfig",[{ttb,tp,[ets,delete,1,[]]}],
[append]).</input>
ok
(tiger@durin)201> <input>ttb:list_config("myconfig").</input>
[{1,{ttb,tracer,[tiger@durin,[]]}},
 {2,{ttb,p,[&lt;0.1244.0>,[garbage_collection,call]]}},
 {3,{ttb,tp,[ets,new,2,[]]}},
 {4,{ttb,ctp,[ets,new,2]}},
 {5,{ttb,tp,[ets,new,2,[]]}},
 {6,{ttb,tp,[ets,delete,1,[]]}}]</pre>
      <p>Go back to a previous configuration after stopping Trace Tool
        Builder:</p>
      <pre>
(tiger@durin)202> <input>ttb:stop().</input>
ok
(tiger@durin)203> <input>ttb:run_config("myconfig").</input>
ttb:tracer(tiger@durin,[]) ->
{ok,[tiger@durin]}

ttb:p(&lt;0.1244.0>,[garbage_collection,call]) ->
{ok,{[&lt;0.1244.0>],[garbage_collection,call]}}

ttb:tp(ets,new,2,[]) ->
{ok,[{matched,1}]}

ttb:ctp(ets,new,2) ->
{ok,[{matched,1}]}

ttb:tp(ets,new,2,[]) ->
{ok,[{matched,1}]}

ttb:tp(ets,delete,1,[]) ->
{ok,[{matched,1}]}

ok</pre>
      <p>Write selected entries from the history buffer to a
        configuration file:</p>
      <pre>
(tiger@durin)204> <input>ttb:list_history().</input>
[{1,{ttb,tracer,[tiger@durin,[]]}},
 {2,{ttb,p,[&lt;0.1244.0>,[garbage_collection,call]]}},
 {3,{ttb,tp,[ets,new,2,[]]}},
 {4,{ttb,ctp,[ets,new,2]}},
 {5,{ttb,tp,[ets,new,2,[]]}},
 {6,{ttb,tp,[ets,delete,1,[]]}}]
(tiger@durin)205> <input>ttb:write_config("myconfig",[1,2,3,6]).</input>
ok
(tiger@durin)206> <input>ttb:list_config("myconfig").</input>
[{1,{ttb,tracer,[tiger@durin,[]]}},
 {2,{ttb,p,[&lt;0.1244.0>,[garbage_collection,call]]}},
 {3,{ttb,tp,[ets,new,2,[]]}},
 {4,{ttb,tp,[ets,delete,1,[]]}}]
(tiger@durin)207></pre>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Sequential Tracing</title>
    <p>To learn what sequential tracing is and how it can be used,
      see the Reference Manual for
      <seeerl marker="kernel:seq_trace"><c>seq_trace</c></seeerl>.
      </p>
    <p>The support for sequential tracing provided by Trace Tool
      Builder includes the following:</p>
    <list type="bulleted">
      <item>Initiation of the system tracer. This is automatically
       done when a trace port is started with 
      <seemfa marker="ttb#tracer/0"><c>ttb:tracer/0,1,2</c></seemfa>.</item>
      <item>Creation of match specifications that activates
       sequential tracing.</item>
    </list>
    <p>Starting sequential tracing requires that a tracer is
      started with function <c>ttb:tracer/0,1,2</c>. Sequential
      tracing can then be started in either of the following ways:
      </p>
      <list type="bulleted">
	<item>Through a trigger function with a match specification 
	created with 
	<seemfa marker="ttb#seq_trigger_ms/0"><c>ttb:seq_trigger_ms/0,1</c></seemfa>.</item>
	<item>Directly by using module
	<seeerl marker="kernel:seq_trace"><c>seq_trace</c></seeerl>.</item>
      </list>

      <p><em>Example 1:</em></p>
      <p>In the following example, function
        <c>dbg:get_tracer/0</c> is used as trigger for sequential
        tracing:</p>
      <pre>
(tiger@durin)110> <input>ttb:tracer().</input>
{ok,[tiger@durin]}
(tiger@durin)111> <input>ttb:p(self(),call).</input>
{ok,{[&lt;0.158.0>],[call]}}
(tiger@durin)112> <input>ttb:tp(dbg,get_tracer,0,ttb:seq_trigger_ms(send)).</input>
{ok,[{matched,1},{saved,1}]}
(tiger@durin)113> <input>dbg:get_tracer(), seq_trace:reset_trace().</input>
true
(tiger@durin)114> <input>ttb:stop(format).</input>
({&lt;0.158.0>,{shell,evaluator,3},tiger@durin}) call dbg:get_tracer()
SeqTrace [0]: ({&lt;0.158.0>,{shell,evaluator,3},tiger@durin})
{&lt;0.237.0>,dbg,tiger@durin} ! {&lt;0.158.0>,{get_tracer,tiger@durin}}
[Serial: {0,1}]
SeqTrace [0]: ({&lt;0.237.0>,dbg,tiger@durin})
{&lt;0.158.0>,{shell,evaluator,3},tiger@durin} ! {dbg,{ok,#Port&lt;0.222>}}
[Serial: {1,2}]
ok
(tiger@durin)116></pre>
      <p><em>Example 2:</em></p>
      <p>Starting sequential tracing with a trigger is more
        useful if the trigger function is not called directly from the
        shell, but rather implicitly within a larger system. When
        calling a function from the shell, it is simpler to start
        sequential tracing directly, for example, as follows:</p>
      <pre>
(tiger@durin)116> <input>ttb:tracer().</input>
{ok,[tiger@durin]}
(tiger@durin)117> <input>seq_trace:set_token(send,true), dbg:get_tracer(),
seq_trace:reset_trace().</input>
true
(tiger@durin)118> <input>ttb:stop(format).</input>
SeqTrace [0]: ({&lt;0.158.0>,{shell,evaluator,3},tiger@durin})
{&lt;0.246.0>,dbg,tiger@durin} ! {&lt;0.158.0>,{get_tracer,tiger@durin}}
[Serial: {0,1}]
SeqTrace [0]: ({&lt;0.246.0>,dbg,tiger@durin})
{&lt;0.158.0>,{shell,evaluator,3},tiger@durin} ! {dbg,{ok,#Port&lt;0.229>}}
[Serial: {1,2}]
ok
(tiger@durin)120></pre>
      <p>In both previous examples, <c>seq_trace:reset_trace/0</c>
        resets the trace token immediately after the traced function
        to avoid many trace messages because of the printouts in
        the Erlang shell.
        </p>
      <p>All functions in module <c>seq_trace</c>, except
        <c>set_system_tracer/1</c>, can be used after the trace port
        is started with <c>ttb:tracer/0,1,2</c>.
        </p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Multipurpose Trace Tool</title>
    <p>Module <c>multitrace</c> in
      directory <c>src</c> of the Observer application provides a
      small tool with three possible trace settings. The trace messages
      are written to binary files, which can be formatted with
      function <c>multitrace:format/1,2</c>:
      </p>
    <taglist>
      <tag><c>multitrace:debug(What)</c></tag>
      <item><p>Start calltrace on all processes and trace the specified
       function(s). The format handler used is
      <c>multitrace:handle_debug/4</c> that prints each call and
       returns. <c>What</c> must be an item or a list of items to trace,
       specified on the format <c>{Module,Function,Arity}</c>,
      <c>{Module,Function}</c>, or only <c>Module</c>.</p></item>
      <tag><c>multitrace:gc(Procs)</c></tag>
      <item><p>Trace garbage collection on the specified process(es). The
       format handler used is <c>multitrace:handle_gc/4</c> that
       prints start, stop, and the time spent for each garbage collection.</p></item>
      <tag><c>multitrace:schedule(Procs)</c></tag>
      <item><p>Trace in-scheduling and out-scheduling on the specified process(es). 
       The format handler used is <c>multitrace:handle_schedule/4</c> that
       prints each in-scheduling and out-scheduling with process, time-stamp, and
       current function. It also prints the total time each traced
       process was scheduled in.</p></item>
    </taglist>
  </section>
</chapter>

